"Racial Differences in Low Birth Weight: Trends and Risk Factors,"

Kleinman, Joel C.; Kessel, Samuel S.

doi:10.2307/1966742

Cited by 67 publications

(86 citation statements)

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“…Literature reports suggest that undernutrition in fetal life imparts a higher risk of CKD in adulthood (40,41). Because African Americans exhibit much higher rates of low birth weights, compared with whites (42), and low birth weights are associated with kidney underdevelopment, the low birth weight theory has been advanced to help explain the racial differences in CKD rates (13). Additionally, African Americans are more likely to be exposed to occupational and environmental toxins such as lead (43), to experience viral infections (44), and to have less access to preventive medical care, as well as being referred to treatment for CKD late in the course of their disease (45).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excess Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease among African-American versus White Subjects in the United States

Tarver-Carr

Powe²,

Eberhardt

et al. 2002

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

267

188

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Abstract. African Americans experience higher rates of chronic kidney disease (CKD) than do whites. It was hypothesized that racial differences in modifiable factors would account for much of the excess risk of CKD. A cohort study of 9082 African-American and white adults of age 30 to 74 yr, who participated in the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 1976 to 1980 and were monitored for vital status through 1992 in the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Mortality Study, was conducted. Incident CKD was defined as treated CKD cases (ascertained by linkage to the Medicare Registry) and deaths related to kidney disease. The incidence of all-cause CKD was 2.7 times higher among African Americans, compared with whites. Adjustment for sociodemographic factors decreased the relative risk (RR) to 2.49, explaining 12% of the excess risk of CKD among African Americans. Further adjustment for lifestyle factors explained 24% of the excess risk, whereas adjustment for clinical factors alone explained 32%. Simultaneous adjustment for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors attenuated the RR to 1.95 (95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 3.63), explaining 44% of the excess risk. Although the excess risk of CKD among African Americans was much greater among middle-age adults (30 to 59 yr of age; RR ϭ 4.23, statistically significant) than among older adults (60 to 74 yr of age; RR ϭ 1.27), indicating an interaction between race and age, the same patterns of explanatory factors were observed for the two age groups. Nearly one-half of the excess risk of CKD among African-American adults can be explained on the basis of potentially modifiable risk factors; however, much of the excess risk remains unexplained.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excess Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease among African-American versus White Subjects in the United States

Tarver-Carr

Powe²,

Eberhardt

et al. 2002

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

267

188

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…30 Mean birth weights of black American newborns are less than white newborns. 9,10 An analysis of more than 60 000 singleton births from 1975 to 1992 in Cleveland, Ohio, showed that at term, the mean birth weights of black infants were about 200 g less than the mean birth weights of white infants. 10 The difference of about one-half pound means that on average, the black infants are "thinner" than the white infants, which is consistent with the description of the at-risk individuals by Barker et al 31 Black American adults have greater prevalence of hypertension than white adults.…”

Section: Falkner Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,10 Black Americans also have an increased incidence of adult hypertension. 11 Because of these two characteristics of the black American population, if a relationship between birth weight and adult BP exists, it will probably be found in an black American population sample.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth Weight Versus Childhood Growth as Determinants of Adult Blood Pressure

1998

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Abstract-In older white American adults, recent retrospective studies have demonstrated a relationship between lower birth weight and hypertension. Black Americans have a higher occurrence of both lower birth weight and hypertension than do white Americans. To test the low birth weight-high blood pressure hypothesis, data from a prospective study (Perinatal Collaborative Project) were examined. The study followed a sample of 137 black Americans, with nine examinations. Data on birth weight, growth, and blood pressure from birth through 28.0Ϯ2.7 years were obtained longitudinally. Bivariate correlations among parameters were computed with the Pearson r. Birth weight and blood pressure at age 28 years are not correlated (Pearson rϭ.06). However, systolic blood pressures measured at 0.3 years and thereafter are correlated with adult systolic blood pressure. Also, weight at 0.3 years and body mass index at 7 years and thereafter are correlated with adult weight. Our data did not confirm the birth weight-blood pressure hypothesis. Rather, we detected significant correlations between preadult measurements of blood pressure and weight with adult measurements. These results indicate that in black Americans, childhood growth is a stronger determinant than intrauterine growth of adult blood pressure.

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“…[4][5][6][7][8][9] Inadequate care has also been thought to be a factor explaining the association between perinatal outcome and insurance status, race, and ethnicity. Recent work has suggested a relationship between insurance status and pregnancy outcome10"l and between insurance status and adequacy of obstetrical care.12 '14 Little is known, however, about the actual content of the care delivered to different subpopulations of pregnant women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obstetric care and payment source: do low-risk Medicaid women get less care?

et al. 1998

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OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether Medicaid-insured women at low risk receive less adequate obstetrical care than privately insured women. METHODS: Low-risk women who were cared for by a random sample of obstetrical providers in Washington State were randomly selected. Information on all prenatal and intrapartum services was abstracted from medical records. Service information was aggregated into standardized resource-use units. Results compared Medicaid-insured women with those who were privately insured. RESULTS: Medicaid-insured women were significantly younger (22.5 years vs 26.9 years) and averaged 6% fewer visits than privately insured women. Nonetheless, Medicaid status had no meaningful association with prenatal, intrapartum, or overall resource use. Some variation occurred in individual resources received. Medicaid-insured women had 38.8% more resources expended on testing for sexually transmitted diseases. Privately insured women had more resources expended on alpha-fetoprotein testing and on amniocentesis. There were no meaningful differences in birthweight or gestational age at delivery. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of women who entered obstetrical care at low risk, similar care and resources were expended on Medicaid-insured and on privately insured women.

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"Racial Differences in Low Birth Weight: Trends and Risk Factors,"

Cited by 67 publications

References 0 publications

Excess Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease among African-American versus White Subjects in the United States

Excess Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease among African-American versus White Subjects in the United States

Birth Weight Versus Childhood Growth as Determinants of Adult Blood Pressure

Obstetric care and payment source: do low-risk Medicaid women get less care?

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