Racial Disparities and COVID-19: the Social Context

Marrett, Cora Bagley

doi:10.1007/s40615-021-00988-8

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…In the first half of 2020, life expectancy in the USA dropped 2.7 years for Black people and 1.9 years for Latinx people, compared to dropping only 0.8 years for Whites [ 42 ]. These racial/ethnic inequities are due, in large part, to historical and present-day structural racism (public and institutional policies and practices that create or reinforce racial inequity) [ 43 ]. Structural racism, for example, created segregated neighborhoods where deleterious social determinants of health have given rise to the illnesses that make people vulnerable to serious COVID-19 disease [ 44 ] and is associated with greater incidence and mortality for Black and Latinx residents [ 45 , 46 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Prosocial Beliefs and Prevention Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Orom

Allard

Kiviniemi

et al. 2021

J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities

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Controlling the COVID-19 pandemic has required communities to engage in prosocial action, including behaviors that may inconvenience individuals, but protect the collective (e.g., mask wearing, social distancing). The purpose of this study was to understand to what extent COVID-19 prosocial beliefs and behavior differ by race/ethnicity and why this might be the case. A US nationally representative sample of 410 adults completed a survey about COVID-19 beliefs and prevention behaviors between June 12 and 18, 2020. Compared to White respondents, Black respondents perceived the risk of COVID-19 to be greater to the US population; and both Black and Latinx respondents thought it was more important to protect a variety of non-close others (e.g., people in their city or state). Black and Latinx respondents engaged in several prevention behaviors, including social distancing, to a greater extent than White respondents. There were indirect effects of Black vs. White race on engaging in protective behaviors through greater perceived risk to others and beliefs in the importance of protecting distal others. Results indicate that targeted messages promoting prevention, including vaccination with pro-social messages, may resonate with communities of color. They also suggest that lower levels of prosocial beliefs among White people have likely hindered the US response to the epidemic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Prosocial Beliefs and Prevention Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Orom

Allard

Kiviniemi

et al. 2021

J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities

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“…Within this history was the discovery of the U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, a major bioethical failure to the core principles of public health. What has emerged from its legacy is another example of historical trauma, community harm, and the systemic disenfranchisement of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) communities, which has fostered mistrust in our public health infrastructure and has woven a complex web of confusion and misinformation encumbering decisions to engage in protective behaviors to prevent and treat COVID-19 [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlates of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among a Community Sample of African Americans Living in the Southern United States

et al. 2021

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In the United States, African Americans (AAs) have been disproportionately affected by COVID-19 mortality. However, AAs are more likely to be hesitant in receiving COVID-19 vaccinations when compared to non-Hispanic Whites. We examined factors associated with vaccine hesitancy among a predominant AA community sample. We performed a cross-sectional analysis on data collected from a convenience sample of 257 community-dwelling participants in the Central Savannah River Area from 5 December 2020, through 17 April 2021. Vaccine hesitancy was categorized as resistant, hesitant, and acceptant. We estimated relative odds of vaccine resistance and vaccine hesitancy using polytomous logistic regression models. Nearly one-third of the participants were either hesitant (n = 40, 15.6%) or resistant (n = 42, 16.3%) to receiving a COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccine-resistant participants were more likely to be younger and were more likely to have experienced housing insecurity due to COVID-19 when compared to both acceptant and hesitant participants, respectively. Age accounted for nearly 25% of the variation in vaccine resistance, with 21-fold increased odds (OR: 21.93, 95% CI: 8.97–5.26–91.43) of vaccine resistance in participants aged 18 to 29 compared to 50 and older adults. Housing insecurity accounted for 8% of the variation in vaccine resistance and was associated with 7-fold increased odds of vaccine resistance (AOR: 7.35, 95% CI: 1.99–27.10). In this sample, AAs under the age of 30 and those experiencing housing insecurity because of the COVID-19 pandemic were more likely to be resistant to receiving a free COVID-19 vaccination.

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“…For instance, Koh [16] indicated that "COVID-19 is the first new occupational disease to be described in this decade." Moreover, focusing on factors beyond pre-existing health conditions and behavioral risk factors [17][18][19] sheds light on structural factors beyond individual behavior that impact the risk of COVID-19. The high racial disparities in COVID-19-related deaths in a younger population (aged ≤ 65 years compared to aged > 65 years) [20] also provides further justification for exploring work-related factors.…”

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confidence: 99%

Racial Disparity in Potential Occupational Exposure to COVID-19

Asfaw

2021

J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities

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Background Nationwide, as of 20 June 2021, COVID-19 has claimed more than 599,000 lives and infected nearly 33 million people. Studies have shown that COVID-19 disproportionately affects some racial and ethnic minority groups. This study examined whether certain racial and ethnic groups were overrepresented in occupations with potentially high COVID-19 exposure risks, relative to their share in the total workforce. The study incorporates white collar workers, who to date have not gotten as much attention in terms of workers safety. Methods Using the March and April 2020 Current Population Survey and O*Net data, this study examined whether certain racial and ethnic groups were overrepresented in occupations with potentially high risk of exposure to COVID-19 (exposure to disease and infection at work, inability to maintain physical distancing at work, and inability to work from home) relative to their share in the total workforce. Results The results showed that Black workers were overrepresented in occupations with high potential risk of exposure to disease and infection at work and inability to maintain physical distancing at work. Hispanic workers were overrepresented in occupations where potential risk of inability to work from home was the highest. Conclusion Occupation can be one of the risk factors for the current disproportionately high COVID-19 infection rates among Black and Hispanic workers. COVID-19-related prevention measures at high risk occupations, including providing adequate personal protective equipment, training, working space, and vaccinations, could help to reduce not only the spread of COVID-19 and infectious diseases but also their disproportionately high impact in certain minority racial and ethnic groups. Keywords COVID-19 risk . Occupational risk . Racial disparity in occupational risk BackgroundAs of 20 June 2021, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has claimed more than 599,000 lives and infected nearly 33 million people in the USA [1]. COVID-19 disproportionately affects certain racial and ethnic minority groups. Up to 7 March 2021-the last date The COVID Racial Data Tracker stopped collecting racial data-COVID-19-related mortality rates were 178, 172, and 154 per 100,000 population for Blacks, American Indian or Alaska Natives, and Hispanics, respectively, compared to 124 and 95 per 100,000 population for Whites and Asians, respectively [2]. In Chicago, although Blacks constitute only 30% of the population, nearly 52% of

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Racial Disparities and COVID-19: the Social Context

Cited by 13 publications

References 1 publication

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Prosocial Beliefs and Prevention Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Prosocial Beliefs and Prevention Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Correlates of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among a Community Sample of African Americans Living in the Southern United States

Racial Disparity in Potential Occupational Exposure to COVID-19

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