Racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality across Michigan, United States

Parpia, Alyssa S.; Pandey, Abhishek; Martínez, Isabel; El-Sayed, Abdulrahman M.; Wells, Chad R.; Myers, Lindsey; Duncan, Jeffrey; Collins, Jim; Fitzpatrick, Meagan C.; Galvani, Alison P.

doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.20241133

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Compared to Whites, the death rate is 30 to 1, but it has been concluded that the impact is practically significant due to the overall low probability in cases and deaths countrywide. Our research findings are consistent with studies done by [ 16 ] and [ 21 ] which suggest that POC positive cases and death rates were higher in some states but not for the overall country. Specifically, in the District of Columbia, the death rate of Blacks was five times higher than the White ethnic group, while in Michigan, their death rate was three times higher than the White ethnic group [ 21 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

An analysis of the impact of policies and political affiliation on racial disparities in COVID-19 infections and deaths in the USA

Hamilton

Hamilton²,

Soneye

et al. 2021

Int J Data Sci Anal

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This research aimed to quantify the racial disparities of COVID-19 for primarily positive tests and deaths across the US and territories individually and collectively. The first research hypothesis investigated whether positive cases and death rates were higher for people of color (POC) than the White ethnic group. The second hypothesis examined whether there is a significant difference in confirmed positive cases and death rates between ethnic groups across the US and territories. The third hypothesis investigated if political party control and governmental policies affected the number of cases and death proportion rates across ethnic groups. The research findings suggest that POC positive cases and death rates were higher in some states. Black ethnic groups were dying at a high rate in the southeastern states, the District of Columbia, and in Maryland. Specifically, in the District of Columbia, the death rate is five times higher than the White ethnic group. For Latinx ethnic groups, the high cases and death rates have mostly occurred in western states, including Texas. The Latinx ethnic group accounted for half the total deaths in Texas and California. The Latinx ethnic group death rate is higher than the White ethnic group in four states: Texas, California, New Mexico, and the District of Columbia. The research findings also show that the rate of deaths and cases per ethnic group for policies and political factors were significant except for the mask mandate policy. Based on the analyzed data, mask mandates were not a factor in the cases or death rates of any ethnic group. Each state’s policies for bars, curfews, public schools, and travel—along with legislative party control—had the most influences across ethnic groups. The research results for the death rates and number of cases due to these implemented policies varied between ethnic groups.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

An analysis of the impact of policies and political affiliation on racial disparities in COVID-19 infections and deaths in the USA

Hamilton

Hamilton²,

Soneye

et al. 2021

Int J Data Sci Anal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…While such differences could exist, the county fixed-effects approach ensures our estimates are robust as long as between-race differences in measurement error or reporting lags do not vary substantially over time within counties . Nonetheless, there is limited evidence that timelines between diagnosis, hospitalization, and mortality vary substantially by race [33] , and our analyses ( Figure 1 B) clearly indicate that Black and White COVID-19 mortality surges occur at the same time, suggesting minimal differences by race in both reporting time and mortality.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 66%

A longitudinal study of convergence between Black and White COVID-19 mortality: A county fixed effects approach

Lawton

Zheng

et al. 2021

The Lancet Regional Health - Americas

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Background Non-Hispanic Black populations have suffered much greater per capita COVID-19 mortality than White populations. Previous work has shown that rates of Black and White mortality have converged over time. Understanding of COVID-19 disparities over time is complicated by geographic changes in prevalence, and some prior research has claimed that regional shifts in COVID-19 prevalence may explain the convergence. Methods Using county-level COVID-19 mortality data stratified by race, we investigate the trajectory of Black and White per capita mortality from June 2020–January 2021. We use a county fixed-effects model to estimate changes within counties, then extend our models to leverage county-level variation in prevalence to study the effects of prevalence versus time trajectories in mortality disparities. Findings Over this period, cumulative mortality rose by 61% and 90% for Black and White populations respectively, decreasing the mortality ratio by 0.4 (25.8%). These trends persisted when a county-level fixed-effects model was applied. Results revealed that county-level changes in prevalence nearly fully explain changes in mortality disparities over time. Interpretation Results suggest mechanisms underpinning convergence in Black/White mortality are not driven by fixed county-level characteristics or changes in the regional dispersion of COVID-19, but instead by changes within counties. Further, declines in the Black/White mortality ratio over time appear primarily linked to county-level changes in COVID-19 prevalence rather than other county-level factors that may vary with time. Research into COVID-19 disparities should focus on mechanisms that operate within-counties and are consistent with a prevalence-disparity relationship. Funding This work was supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences [E.H.: UL1TR002553].

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“…Aggregate data containing information of more than two lakh patients with COVID-19 and 14,000 deaths indicate that the male fatality ratio is relatively high compared to the female population among all age groups, particularly middle-aged groups [ 188 ]. Furthermore, Parpia et al have studied the racial disparities among 6065 COVID-19-related deaths in Michigan, USA, and found that in all strata, Black individuals are at higher risk of mortality than White individuals [ 189 ].…”

Section: Degree Of Difference In Cytokines Storm In Relation To Age Sex and Co-morbiditiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverse Immunological Factors Influencing Pathogenesis in Patients with COVID-19: A Review on Viral Dissemination, Immunotherapeutic Options to Counter Cytokine Storm and Inflammatory Responses

et al. 2021

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The pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is still not fully unraveled. Though preventive vaccines and treatment methods are out on the market, a specific cure for the disease has not been discovered. Recent investigations and research studies primarily focus on the immunopathology of the disease. A healthy immune system responds immediately after viral entry, causing immediate viral annihilation and recovery. However, an impaired immune system causes extensive systemic damage due to an unregulated immune response characterized by the hypersecretion of chemokines and cytokines. The elevated levels of cytokine or hypercytokinemia leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) along with multiple organ damage. Moreover, the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 has been linked with race, gender, and age; hence, this viral infection’s outcome differs among the patients. Many therapeutic strategies focusing on immunomodulation have been tested out to assuage the cytokine storm in patients with severe COVID-19. A thorough understanding of the diverse signaling pathways triggered by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is essential before contemplating relief measures. This present review explains the interrelationships of hyperinflammatory response or cytokine storm with organ damage and the disease severity. Furthermore, we have thrown light on the diverse mechanisms and risk factors that influence pathogenesis and the molecular pathways that lead to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and multiple organ damage. Recognition of altered pathways of a dysregulated immune system can be a loophole to identify potential target markers. Identifying biomarkers in the dysregulated pathway can aid in better clinical management for patients with severe COVID-19 disease. A special focus has also been given to potent inhibitors of proinflammatory cytokines, immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutic options to ameliorate cytokine storm and inflammatory responses in patients affected with COVID-19.

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Racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality across Michigan, United States

Cited by 7 publications

References 22 publications

An analysis of the impact of policies and political affiliation on racial disparities in COVID-19 infections and deaths in the USA

An analysis of the impact of policies and political affiliation on racial disparities in COVID-19 infections and deaths in the USA

A longitudinal study of convergence between Black and White COVID-19 mortality: A county fixed effects approach

Diverse Immunological Factors Influencing Pathogenesis in Patients with COVID-19: A Review on Viral Dissemination, Immunotherapeutic Options to Counter Cytokine Storm and Inflammatory Responses

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