Racial disparities in COVID-19 pandemic cases, hospitalisations, and deaths: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Mude, William; Oguoma, Victor Maduabuchi; Nyanhanda, Tafadzwa; Mwanri, Lillian; Njue, Carolyne

doi:10.7189/jogh.11.05015

Cited by 202 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…The findings of this study are also consistent with previous findings that show the infection rate is higher in counties where ethnic minorities such as Black, Hispanic, Alaska Natives, and Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders are higher compared with the White population [ 1 ]. A positive association with prevalence (except for the second wave) was seen higher in counties where the Black community has a high population, whereas in the counties where the White community has a higher proportion of population showed an exact inverse relationship.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The burden of the COVID-19 pandemic, similar to other health conditions, has not been equally distributed and has been particularly detrimental to vulnerable populations, older adults, those with chronic conditions, minority populations, the poor, and those who work essential jobs [ 1 , 2 ]. Strong associations were found between and COVID-19 outcomes and various socio-demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental variables such as race/ethnicity and healthcare access [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A Center for Disease Control (CDC) study concluded minorities in 14 states were disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 [ 15 ]. Data compiled from four different sources across seven states indicated that Black communities were disproportionately affected, and race was an independent risk factor for COVID-19 infection and mortality [ 1 ]. A study in California found that compared with than non-Hispanic white patients, non-Hispanic African American patients were 2.7 times more likely to be hospitalized, and Alaska Native people had higher death rates (10% in Alaska Native versus 6% Non-Hispanic White population), adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, and income [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 among Undocumented Immigrants and Racial Minorities in the US

Bhuiyan

Khan

Jony

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has had an unprecedented effect, especially among under-resourced minority communities. Surveillance of those at high risk is critical for preventing and controlling the pandemic. We must better understand the relationships between COVID-19-related cases or deaths and characteristics in our most vulnerable population that put them at risk to target COVID-19 prevention and management efforts. Population characteristics strongly related to United States (US) county-level data on COVID-19 cases and deaths during all stages of the pandemic were identified from the onset of the epidemic and included county-level socio-demographic and comorbidities data, as well as daily meteorological modeled observation data from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), and the NARR high spatial resolution model to assess the environment. Advanced machine learning (ML) approaches were used to identify outbreaks (geographic clusters of COVID-19) and included spatiotemporal risk factors and COVID-19 vaccination efforts, especially among vulnerable and underserved communities. COVID-19 outcomes were found to be negatively associated with the number of people vaccinated and positively associated with age, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and the minority population. There was also a strong positive correlation between unauthorized immigrants and the prevalence of COVID-19 cases and deaths. Meteorological variables were also investigated, but correlations with COVID-19 were relatively weak. Our findings suggest that COVID-19 has had a disproportionate impact across the US population among vulnerable and minority communities. Findings also emphasize the importance of vaccinations and tailored public health initiatives (e.g., mask mandates, vaccination) to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and the number of COVID-19 related deaths across all populations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 among Undocumented Immigrants and Racial Minorities in the US

Bhuiyan

Khan

Jony

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Thus, although this college population as a whole may achieve population herd immunity, there may be minority subpopulations still at risk for viral spread. This is particularly concerning, as numerous studies have noted racial disparities in clinical outcomes among those infected with COVID-19: not only are these individuals more at risk of becoming infected with COVID-19, but they are also more likely to have adverse outcomes compared to White individuals [ 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions, Intentions, and Uptake Among Young Adults in the United States: Prospective College-Based Cohort Study

Gurley¹,

Bennett²,

Sullivan³

et al. 2021

JMIR Public Health Surveill

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Background Uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine among US young adults, particularly those that belong to racial and ethnic minorities, remains low compared to their older peers. Understanding vaccine perceptions and their influence on vaccination uptake among this population remains crucial to achieving population herd immunity. Objective We sought to study perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines as well as intended and actual vaccine uptake among one population of college students, faculty, and staff. Methods As part of a larger study aimed at investigating the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission, serology, and perception on a college campus, participants were asked about their views on the COVID-19 vaccine in February 2021. Vaccination status was assessed by self-report in April 2021. Logistic regression was used to calculate prevalence ratios with marginal standardization. Results We found that non-White participants were 25% less likely to report COVID-19 vaccination compared to White participants. Among those who were unvaccinated, Black and other non-White participants were significantly more likely to indicate they were unwilling to receive a COVID-19 vaccine compared to White participants. The most common reason for unwillingness to receive the vaccine was belief that the vaccine approval process was rushed. Conclusions There are racial differences in perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine among young adults, and these differences might differentially impact vaccine uptake among young racial and ethnic minorities. Efforts to increase vaccine uptake among college populations might require campaigns specifically tailored to these minority groups.

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“…What is more, socioeconomic disparities in infection rates, hospitalizations, and case fatality rates related to COVID-19 have been widely reported in the United States and globally. For instance, Moore et al (2020) reported the COVID-19 case rate in the U.S. to be higher among African American and Latinx communities, while other studies have similarly shown African American, Latinx, and indigenous residents to be two-to four-times more likely to die from COVID-19 compared to Whites, with death rates in some states as high as 18-times that of Whites [35][36][37][38][39]. While there are a variety of socioeconomic and environmental factors, such as work and living environments, that limit social distancing and access to quality healthcare, contributing to these disparities, the disproportionate exposures and impacts related to air pollution cannot be overlooked.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Community-Engaged Use of Low-Cost Sensors to Assess the Spatial Distribution of PM2.5 Concentrations across Disadvantaged Communities: Results from a Pilot Study in Santa Ana, CA

Masri

Cox

Flores³

et al. 2022

Atmosphere

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PM2.5 is an air pollutant that is widely associated with adverse health effects, and which tends to be disproportionately located near low-income communities and communities of color. We applied a community-engaged research approach to assess the distribution of PM2.5 concentrations in the context of community concerns and urban features within and around the city of Santa Ana, CA. Approximately 183 h of one-minute average PM2.5 measurements, along with high-resolution geographic coordinate measurements, were collected by volunteer community participants using roughly two dozen low-cost AtmoTube Pro air pollution sensors paired with real-time GPS tracking devices. PM2.5 varied by region, time of day, and month. In general, concentrations were higher near the city’s industrial corridor, which is an area of concern to local community members. While the freeway systems were shown to correlate with some degree of elevated air pollution, two of four sampling days demonstrated little to no visible association with freeway traffic. Concentrations tended to be higher within socioeconomically disadvantaged communities compared to other areas. This pilot study demonstrates the utility of using low-cost air pollution sensors for the application of community-engaged study designs that leverage community knowledge, enable high-density air monitoring, and facilitate greater health-related awareness, education, and empowerment among communities. The mobile air-monitoring approach used in this study, and its application to characterize the ambient air quality within a defined geographic region, is in contrast to other community-engaged studies, which employ fixed-site monitoring and/or focus on personal exposure. The findings from this study underscore the existence of environmental health inequities that persist in urban areas today, which can help to inform policy decisions related to health equity, future urban planning, and community access to resources.

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Racial disparities in COVID-19 pandemic cases, hospitalisations, and deaths: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 202 publications

References 109 publications

The Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 among Undocumented Immigrants and Racial Minorities in the US

The Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 among Undocumented Immigrants and Racial Minorities in the US

COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions, Intentions, and Uptake Among Young Adults in the United States: Prospective College-Based Cohort Study

Community-Engaged Use of Low-Cost Sensors to Assess the Spatial Distribution of PM2.5 Concentrations across Disadvantaged Communities: Results from a Pilot Study in Santa Ana, CA

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