Racial Disparity in Police Contacts

Crutchfield, Robert D.; Skinner, Martie L.; Haggerty, Kevin P.; McGlynn, Anne; Catalano, Richard F.

doi:10.1177/2153368712448063

Cited by 94 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…In the present study, after controlling for delinquent behaviors, the magnitude of the disparity in arrests between blacks and whites remained significant, suggesting that observed differences in arrests were not driven by differences in delinquent behaviors. Instead, these results support the growing body of research demonstrating the importance of contextual variables in driving disproportionate minority contact with the justice system (Crutchfield et al 2012; Huizinga et al 2007; Kirk 2008)…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Understanding Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Arrest: The Role of Individual, Home, School, and Community Characteristics

Gase

Glenn²,

Gomez

et al. 2016

Race Soc Probl

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Contact with the justice system can lead to a range of poor health and social outcomes. While persons of color are disproportionately represented in both the juvenile and criminal justice systems, reasons for these patters remain unclear. This study sought to examine the extent and sources of differences in arrests during adolescence and young adulthood among blacks, whites, and Hispanics in the USA. Multilevel cross-sectional logistic regression analyses were conducted using data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 12,752 respondents). Results showed significantly higher likelihood of having ever been arrested among blacks, when compared to whites, even after controlling for a range of delinquent behaviors (odds ratio = 1.58, 95 % confidence interval = 1.27, 1.95). These black–white disparities were no longer present after accounting for racial composition of the neighborhood, supporting the growing body of research demonstrating the importance of contextual variables in driving disproportionate minority contact with the justice system.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Understanding Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Arrest: The Role of Individual, Home, School, and Community Characteristics

Gase

Glenn²,

Gomez

et al. 2016

Race Soc Probl

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“…It is well documented that youth from minority racial and ethnic backgrounds experience higher rates of incarceration and are disproportionately represented in the juvenile justice system (National Center for Juvenile Justice n.d.). While there are likely to be many reasons that underlie these disparities (e.g., structural, family, and individual differences), the pathways through which disparities occur (e.g., conscious or subconscious decisions by DPOs in assigning youth to treatment; racial stereotyping by schools, welfare agencies, or law enforcement; residential segregation and the negative influences of environmental stressors) (Crutchfeld et al 2012; Feld 1995; Grahm and Lowery 2004; Bridges and Steen 1998) and ways to address these disparities warrant further exploration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of two Los Angeles County Teen Courts on youth recidivism: comparing two informal probation programs

et al. 2016

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Objective This study sought to examine the impact of two Teen Courts operating in Los Angeles County, a juvenile justice system diversion program in which youth are judged by their peers and given restorative sentences to complete during a period of supervision. Methods A quasi-experimental design was used to compare youth who participated in Teen Court (n=112) to youth who participated in another diversion program administered by the Probation Department (the 654 Contract program) (n=194). Administrative data were abstracted from Probation records for all youth who participated in these programs between January 1, 2012 and June 20, 2014. Logistic and survival models were used to examine differences in recidivism - measured as whether the minor had any subsequent arrest or arrests for which the charge was filed. Results Comparison group participants had higher rates of recidivism than Teen Court participants, after controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and risk level. While the magnitude of the program effects were fairly consistent across model specifications (odd ratios comparing Teen Court [referent] to school-based 654 Contract ranging from 1.95 to 3.07, hazard ratios ranging from 1.62 to 2.27), differences were not statistically significant in all scenarios. Conclusions While this study provides modest support for the positive impact of Teen Court, additional research is needed to better understand how juvenile diversion programs can improve youth outcomes.

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“…The examination of racial discrimination rooted in police interactions is a novel aspect of this study, particularly in relation to Asian American youth. The greater likelihood of males reporting police discrimination is consonant with literature that describes negative experiences with police among young men of color in urban communities (Brunson, ; Chong et al., ; Crutchfield et al., ; Crutchfield et al., ; Noguera, ). Although few studies have focused on youth's own perspectives about police discrimination, the delinquency literature shows that the frequency and severity of externalizing and problem behaviors increase in age for boys (Nagin & Tremblay, ), which can translate to actual or perceived encounters with authorities for adolescents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms Among Cambodian American Adolescents: The Role of Gender

Sangalang

Gee

2015

Journal Community Psychology

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Despite the considerable growth of research examining discrimination's contribution to adolescent development and well‐being, relatively few studies to date have explored gendered patterns in the experience and effect of discrimination among youth. Applying intersectionality as a guiding theoretical framework, this study investigates gender differences in the reporting of racial discrimination and its relation with depressive symptoms. Data come from a survey of Cambodian American adolescents between 13 and 19 years of age (n = 466). Discrimination was considered across the domains of school and peers, from police, and overall. Results indicated that males were more likely than females to report racial discrimination overall and across specific contexts. Racial discrimination overall as well as discrimination from police and peers were related to increased depressive symptoms. However, although males reported more discrimination from police than females, the association between police discrimination and depressive symptoms was stronger among females than males.

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Racial Disparity in Police Contacts

Cited by 94 publications

References 68 publications

Understanding Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Arrest: The Role of Individual, Home, School, and Community Characteristics

Understanding Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Arrest: The Role of Individual, Home, School, and Community Characteristics

The impact of two Los Angeles County Teen Courts on youth recidivism: comparing two informal probation programs

Racial Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms Among Cambodian American Adolescents: The Role of Gender

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