Racial Disparity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in African American Communities

Kullar, Ravina; Marcelin, Jasmine R.; Swartz, Talia H.; Piggott, Damani A.; Gil, Raul Macias; Mathew, Trini; Tan, Tina Q.

doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa372

Cited by 118 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Poverty is arguably the most prominent feature of food insecurity. Research specifically among communities of color is of high urgency, as the additional social and structural constraints that lead these families to have an increased risk of food insecurity have also led to these families to be disproportionately impacted by the pandemic [ 116 , 117 ]. Racial discrimination is associated with substantial increases in an individual’s risk of food insecurity [ 118 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parent Feeding Practices in the Context of Food Insecurity

Arlinghaus

Laska

2021

IJERPH

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The process of feeding is complex and highly dependent on parent, child, social, and environmental factors. Given the rising rates of food insecurity and concomitant poor nutrition and health, the purpose of this article was to outline the important and complex ways in which the context of food insecurity can impact parent feeding practices. Key factors discussed here include the impact of food insecurity on: expectations for motherhood, structural constraints, stress and depression, parents’ perceptions of health and child weight, and intergenerational transmission of parent feeding practices. Future research needs are also identified and discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parent Feeding Practices in the Context of Food Insecurity

Arlinghaus

Laska

2021

IJERPH

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“…Previous data have shown that people of ethnicity and color have relatively poor access to healthcare services and the provision of treatment (55)(56)(57)(58). During crises like COVID-19, these syndemic factors become important as to how historical health and social disparities along with emerging or current factors, such as epidemics, exacerbate the negative consequences on ethnic or minority groups (58).…”

Section: Impact Of Covid-19 On Ethnic or Minority Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Call for Action to Address Equity and Justice Divide During COVID-19

et al. 2020

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The coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) is deepening the inequity and injustice among the vulnerable communities. The current study aims to present an overview of the impact of COVID-19 on equity and social justice with a focus on vulnerable communities. Vulnerable communities include, but not limited to, healthcare workers, those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, ethnic or minority groups, immigrants or refugees, justice-involved populations, and people suffering from chronic diseases or mental illness. The implications of COVID-19 on these communities and systemic disparities beyond the current pandemic are also discussed. People from vulnerable communities' experience disproportionately adverse impacts of COVID-19. COVID-19 has exacerbated systemic disparities and its long-term negative impact on these populations foretell an impending crisis that could prevail beyond the COVID-19 era. It is onerous that systemic issues be addressed and efforts to build inclusive and sustainable societies be pursued to ensure the provision of universal healthcare and justice for all. Without these reinforcements, we would not only compromise the vulnerable communities but also severely limit our preparedness and response to a future pandemic.

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“… 7 COVID-19 ethnic and social disparities have been observed overseas. 8 , 9 New Zealand's response sought to prevent COVID-19 disparities and minimise transit of infection to lower-income Pacific countries. 6…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 in New Zealand and the impact of the national response: a descriptive epidemiological study

Jefferies

French

Gilkison

et al. 2020

The Lancet Public Health

269

270

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BackgroundIn early 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, New Zealand implemented graduated, risk-informed national COVID-19 suppression measures aimed at disease elimination. We investigated their impacts on the epidemiology of the first wave of COVID-19 in the country and response performance measures. MethodsWe did a descriptive epidemiological study of all laboratory-confirmed and probable cases of COVID-19 and all patients tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in New Zealand from Feb 2 to May 13, 2020, after which time community transmission ceased. We extracted data from the national notifiable diseases database and the national SARS-CoV-2 test results repository. Demographic features and disease outcomes, transmission patterns (source of infection, outbreaks, household transmission), time-to-event intervals, and testing coverage were described over five phases of the response, capturing different levels of non-pharmaceutical interventions. Risk factors for severe outcomes (hospitalisation or death) were examined with multivariable logistic regression and time-to-event intervals were analysed by fitting parametric distributions using maximum likelihood estimation. Findings 1503 cases were detected over the study period, including 95 (6•3%) hospital admissions and 22 (1•5%) COVID-19 deaths. The estimated case infection rate per million people per day peaked at 8•5 (95% CI 7•6-9•4) during the 10-day period of rapid response escalation, declining to 3•2 (2•8-3•7) in the start of lockdown and progressively thereafter. 1034 (69%) cases were imported or import related, tending to be younger adults, of European ethnicity, and of higher socioeconomic status. 702 (47%) cases were linked to 34 outbreaks. Severe outcomes were associated with locally acquired infection (crude odds ratio [OR] 2•32 [95% CI 1•40-3•82] compared with imported), older age (adjusted OR ranging from 2•72 [1•40-5•30] for 50-64 year olds to 8•25 [2•59-26•31] for people aged ≥80 years compared with 20-34 year olds), aged residential care residency (adjusted OR 3•86 [1•59-9•35]), and Pacific peoples (adjusted OR 2•76 [1•14-6•68]) and Asian (2•15 [1•10-4•20]) ethnicities relative to European or other. Times from illness onset to notification and isolation progressively decreased and testing increased over the study period, with few disparities and increasing coverage of females, Māori, Pacific peoples, and lower socioeconomic groups.Interpretation New Zealand's response resulted in low relative burden of disease, low levels of population disease disparities, and the initial achievement of COVID-19 elimination.

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Racial Disparity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in African American Communities

Cited by 118 publications

References 6 publications

Parent Feeding Practices in the Context of Food Insecurity

Parent Feeding Practices in the Context of Food Insecurity

Call for Action to Address Equity and Justice Divide During COVID-19

COVID-19 in New Zealand and the impact of the national response: a descriptive epidemiological study

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