Racial/Ethnic Differences in Income Inequality across US Regions

Hoover, Gary A.; Yaya, Mehmet E.

doi:10.1007/s12114-010-9057-z

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“… 34 Such economic implications are especially important for racial and ethnic minority groups, which have long been challenged by income inequality and limited social mobility. 35 , 36 Indeed, income inequality has been found to increase in the wake of economic shocks such as the 2008 financial crisis, and COVID-19 may precipitate similar, even more severe changes, resulting in a downward spiral of workplace trends such as increased burnout, absenteeism, bullying, and turnover. 37 Critically, psychological distress has been suggested to be a strong predictor of suicidal behaviors; in consideration of suicide prevention, it is valuable and vital to target the risk factors of suicide, such as psychological distress, before the psychiatric process advances and becomes potentially irreversible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, locational disparities in unemployment have been found to remain for many years due to limited migration, suggesting that low-income people living in areas with high job losses may be in greatest need of financial or employment assistance 34 . Such economic implications are especially important for racial and ethnic minority groups, which have long been challenged by income inequality and limited social mobility 35,36 . Indeed, income inequality has been found to increase in the wake of economic shocks such as the 2008 financial crisis, and COVID-19 may precipitate similar, even more severe changes, resulting in a downward spiral of workplace trends such as increased burnout, absenteeism, bullying, and turnover 37 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Negative Employment Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Psychological Distress

Matthews

Chen

et al. 2021

Journal of Occupational &Amp; Environmental Medicine

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Objective: We examined associations of negative employment changes during the COVID-19 pandemic with mental health in a national sample of U.S. workers, and whether the associations differed by race. Methods: Data were from the Health, Ethnicity, and Pandemic Study, a cross-sectional survey. The effects of negative employment changes on psychological distress in 1510 workers were examined via linear regression, and stratified analyses were conducted across racial subgroups. Results: After adjustment for covariates, compared to workers with no change in employment, those who experienced permanent job loss had the highest psychological distress (β and 95% CI = 3.27 [1.89, 4.65]). Permanent job loss had the greatest effect on psychological distress in Blacks and Asians. Conclusion: Negative employment changes related to the pandemic may have deleterious impacts on workers’ mental health, with disproportionate effects on racial minorities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Negative Employment Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Psychological Distress

Matthews

Chen

et al. 2021

Journal of Occupational &Amp; Environmental Medicine

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“…Most notably, we find no statistically significant differences in OFH or SFH across ethno-racial groups. This is unexpected given economic inequities across these groups at the population level (91,92). In contrast, across models, identification as Black/African American, Hispanic, and other minoritized ethno-racial identities was associated with noticeably higher overall hope, agency, pathways, and LS, relative to non-Hispanic Whites, net of the effect of OFH and SFH and other covariates.…”

Section: Supplemental Security Income or Social Security Disability I...mentioning

confidence: 85%

Financial Hardship, Hope, and Life Satisfaction Among Un/Underemployed Individuals With Psychiatric Diagnoses: A Mediation Analysis

Jiménez-Solomon

Primrose²,

Moon³

et al. 2022

Front. Psychiatry

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BackgroundIndividuals with psychiatric diagnoses who are unemployed or underemployed are likely to disproportionately experience financial hardship and, in turn, lower life satisfaction (LS). Understanding the mechanisms though which financial hardship affects LS is essential to inform effective economic empowerment interventions for this population.AimTo examine if subjective financial hardship (SFH) mediates the relationship between objective financial hardship (OFH) and LS, and whether hope, and its agency and pathways components, further mediate the effect of SFH on LS among individuals with psychiatric diagnoses seeking employment.MethodsWe conducted structured interviews with participants (N = 215) of two peer-run employment programs using indicators of OFH and SFH and standardized scales for hope (overall hope, hope agency, and hope pathways) and LS. Three structural equation models were employed to test measurement models for OFH and SFH, and mediational relationships. Covariates included gender, age, psychiatric diagnosis, race/ethnicity, education, income, employment status, SSI/SSDI receipt, and site.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for items measuring OFH and SFH supported two separate hypothesized factors. OFH had a strong and significant total effect on SFH [standardized beta (B) = 0.68] and LS (B = 0.49), and a weak-to-moderate effect on hope (B = –0.31). SFH alone mediated up to 94% of the effect of OFH on LS (indirect effect B = –0.46, p < 0.01). The effect of SFH on LS through hope was small (indirect effect B = –0.09, p < 0.05), primarily through hope agency (indirect effect B = –0.13, p < 0.01) and not hope pathways. Black and Hispanic ethno-racial identification seemed to buffer the effect of financial hardship on hope and LS. Individuals identifying as Black reported significantly higher overall hope (B = 0.41–0.47) and higher LS (B = 0.29–0.46), net of the effect of OFH and SFH.ConclusionSFH is a strong mediator of the relationship between OFH and LS in our study of unemployed and underemployed individuals with psychiatric diagnoses. Hope, and particularly its agency component, further mediate a modest but significant proportion of the association between SFH and LS. Economic empowerment interventions for this population should address objective and subjective financial stressors, foster a sense of agency, and consider the diverse effects of financial hardship across ethno-racial groups.

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“…In the economic and social literature, issues related to income and wealth inequality have attracted the attention of many researchers. Indeed, it is crucial to explore the root causes of income disparities and to understand the determinants of these differences across countries and regions, social classes, ethnic groups and so on (see, e.g., [20]). To this end, tools are required to compare various aspects of inequality among groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Share density‐based clustering of income data

Condino

2023

Statistical Analysis

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The Lorenz curve is a fundamental tool for analyzing income and wealth distribution and inequality. Indeed, the Lorenz curve and its derivative, the so‐called share density, provide valuable information regarding inequality. There is a widely recognized connection between the Lorenz curve and elements from information theory field. Starting from this evidence, the aim of this work is to compare the income inequality of different subgroups, by using a proper dissimilarity measure, borrowed from information theory, between parametric share densities. This measure is then considered for clustering purposes. To this end, a dynamic clustering algorithm is considered to group unconventional data, such as density functions. Finally, an application, regarding data from Survey on Households Income and Wealth (SHIW) by Bank of Italy, is shown.

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Racial/Ethnic Differences in Income Inequality across US Regions

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

Negative Employment Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Psychological Distress

Negative Employment Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Psychological Distress

Financial Hardship, Hope, and Life Satisfaction Among Un/Underemployed Individuals With Psychiatric Diagnoses: A Mediation Analysis

Share density‐based clustering of income data

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