Racial/Ethnic Disparities in All-Cause Mortality in U.S. Adults: The Effect of Allostatic Load

Borrell, Luisa N.; Dallo, Florence J.; Nguyen, Norma

doi:10.1177/003335491012500608

Cited by 84 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…54,55 Allostatic load, a measure of the biological response to stress, has been positively associated with mortality. 56,57 Black Americans tend to have a higher allostatic load than do White Americans [58][59][60] and high allostatic load has been associated with low neighborhood SES, 61,62 particularly among Blacks. 63 Our present study adds prospective data to the sparse information on the relation of neighborhood SES to mortality risk among Black women; only one previous study prospectively investigated this association among Black women.…”

Section: In Our Present Study Lower Neighborhood Ses Was Associatedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status in Relation to All-cause, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Mortality in the Black Women’s Health Study

et al. 2016

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Results: Based on 2,598 deaths during 1995-2011, lower neighborhood SES was associated with increased all-cause and cancer mortality irrespective of individual education: among those with 16 or more years of education, HRs for lowest relative to highest neighborhood SES quartile were 1.42 (95% CI 1.18-1.71) for all-cause and 1.54 (95% CI 1.14-2.07) for cancer mortality. Neighborhood SES was associated with cardiovascular mortality among lesseducated women. Conclusions:Lower neighborhood SES is associated with greater risk of mortality among Black women. The presence of the association even among women with high levels of education suggests that individual SES may not overcome the unfavorable influence of neighborhood deprivation. Ethn

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Section: In Our Present Study Lower Neighborhood Ses Was Associatedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status in Relation to All-cause, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Mortality in the Black Women’s Health Study

et al. 2016

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“…A variety of studies using measures of AL have suggested that increased levels of subclinical biological risk are associated with higher all-cause (Russ et al 2012), cardiovascular (Costa and Kahn 2010;Duru et al 2012;Kivimaki et al 2002;Russ et al 2012), diabetes (Duru et al 2012), stroke (Costa and Kahn 2010;Hamer et al 2012), and cancer (Baum et al 2011;Russ et al 2012) mortality risk. Recent research has also found evidence that high levels of AL are associated with increased mortality risk that persists even when controlling for a variety of demographic, socioeconomic, and health behavior covariates (Borrell et al 2010;Crimmins et al 2009Crimmins et al , 2010Crimmins and Saito 2001;Crimmins and Vasunilashorn 2011;Duru et al 2012;Goldman et al 2009;Gruenewald et al 2006Gruenewald et al , 2009Karlamangla et al 2006;Seeman et al 2004;Turra et al 2005). Furthermore, these studies have shown that racial/ethnic mortality differences remain significant even when measures of AL are included in multivariate models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Generally, racial/ethnic minorities, non-Hispanic blacks in particular, are observed to have higher mortality risks than non-Hispanic whites (Borrell et al 2010;Duru et al 2012;Eberstein et al 2008;Hummer and Chinn 2011;Rogers et al 2000). In contrast, the 'Hispanic Paradox' describes a phenomenon in which individuals of Hispanic race/ethnicity have been repeatedly observed to have similar or lower mortality risk than non-Hispanic whites despite the fact that Hispanics, in aggregate, tend to have socioeconomic status profiles comparable to non-Hispanic blacks (Abraido-Lanza et al 1999;Arias et al 2010;Lariscy et al 2015;Markides and Coreil 1986;Markides and Eschbach 2005;Palloni and Arias 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Allostatic Load on Racial/Ethnic Mortality Differences in the United States

Howard

Sparks

2016

Popul Res Policy Rev

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This study expands on previous findings of racial/ethnic and allostatic load (AL) associations with mortality by addressing whether differential AL levels by race/ethnicity may explain all-cause mortality differences. This study used data from the third National Health and Nutrition Survey public-use file, gathered between 1988 and 1994, with up to 18 years of mortality follow-up (n = 11,733). AL scores were calculated using a 10-biomarker algorithm based on clinically determined thresholds. Results of discrete-time hazard models suggest that AL is associated with increased mortality risks, independent of other factors, including race/ethnicity and SES. The results also suggest that the AL-mortality association is stronger for non-Hispanic blacks than for non-Hispanic whites, and that at low levels of AL observed mortality differences between non-Hispanic blacks and nonHispanic whites are non-significant. These findings suggest that mortality differences between non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites may be the result of how early life exposure causes premature aging and increased mortality risks. More attention to resource allocation and local environments is needed to understand why non-Hispanic blacks experience premature aging that leads to differential mortality risks compared to non-Hispanic whites.

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“…Many authors point out that the level of the health status and mortality is different for different regions of Poland. It also varies among different social and ethnic groups, professions, sex and age [62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73]. The age obviously influences the mortality rate.…”

Section: Determinants Of Premature Mortality In a City Population O Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of premature mortality in a city population: An eight-year observational study concerning subjects aged 18–64

Maniecka-Bryła¹,

Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk²,

Bryła³

et al. 2013

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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Background: Premature deaths constitute 31.1% of all deaths in Łódź. Analysis of the causes of premature deaths may be helpful in the evaluation of health risk factors. Moreover, findings of this study may enhance prophylactic measures. Material and Methods: In 2001, 1857 randomly selected citizens, aged 18-64, were included in the Countrywide Integrated Noncommunicable Diseases Intervention (CINDI) Programme. In 2009, a follow-up study was conducted and information on the subjects of the study was collected concerning their health status and if they continued to live in Łódź. The Cox proportional hazards model was used for evaluation of hazard coefficients. We adjusted our calculations for age and sex. The analysis revealed statistically significant associations between the number of premature deaths of the citizens of Łódź and the following variables: a negative self-evaluation of health -HR = 3.096 (95% CI: 1.729-5.543), poor financial situation -HR = 2.811 (95% CI: 1.183-6.672), occurring in the year preceding the study: coronary pain -HR = 2.754 (95% CI: 1.167-6.494), depression -HR = 2.001 (95% CI: 1.222-3.277) and insomnia -HR = 1.660 (95% CI: 1.029-2.678). Our research study also found a negative influence of smoking on the health status -HR = 2.782 (95% CI: 1.581-4.891). Moreover, we conducted survival analyses according to sex and age with Kaplan-Meier curves. Conclusions: The risk factors leading to premature deaths were found to be highly significant but possible to reduce by modifying lifestyle-related health behaviours. The confirmed determinants of premature mortality indicate a need to spread and intensify prophylactic activities in Poland, which is a post-communist country, in particular, in the field of cardiovascular diseases. Attempts to find reasons of deaths in the first decade of the 21st century may lead to a detailed and long-term research which would focus on determining a wide spectrum of factors contributing to the mortality of Łódź citizens. This in turn, may lead to implementation of a multidimensional prophylaxis which would contribute to improving the state of health of the inhabitants of Łódź as well as other cities and industrial populations, where the population of Łódź may act as a representative. THE AIM OF THE STUDYThe study aimed at listing factors which determine premature mortality of the citizens of Łódź, basing on the results of empirical data the sources of which are multidirectional epidemiological studies. Researchers attempt to identify factors influencing the phenomenon of premature deaths.

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Racial/Ethnic Disparities in All-Cause Mortality in U.S. Adults: The Effect of Allostatic Load

Abstract: The allostatic score increased the risk of all-cause mortality. Moreover, this increased risk was observed for adults younger than 65 years of age regardless of their race/ethnicity. Thus, allostatic score may be a contributor to premature death in the U.S.

Cited by 84 publications

References 24 publications

Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status in Relation to All-cause, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Mortality in the Black Women’s Health Study

Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status in Relation to All-cause, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Mortality in the Black Women’s Health Study

The Effects of Allostatic Load on Racial/Ethnic Mortality Differences in the United States

Determinants of premature mortality in a city population: An eight-year observational study concerning subjects aged 18–64

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