Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Injection Drug Use in Large US Metropolitan Areas

Cooper, Hannah L.F.; Friedman, Samuel R.; Tempalski, Barbara; Friedman, Risa; Keem, Marie

doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.10.008

Cited by 52 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 51 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This paper is part of a larger research project that focuses on HIV, injection drug use, and HIV prevention services to injectors in the 96 largest U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) (Cooper et al, 2005b;Friedman et al, 2004;Tempalski et al, 2003b). We initially planned to conduct interviews in all 96 MSAs; however, locating and reaching appropriate participants took more effort than anticipated.…”

Section: Methods and Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the many problems cited by respondents was language regarding the immorality of drug use that their critics frequently used. The simplistic "Just say No" platitude implies that drug users suffer only from a lack of discipline and are personally responsible for and guilty of their addiction even though research shows that people (of all colors and economic backgrounds) who use drugs do so within a social and cultural context (Cooper et al, 2005b;Courtwright et al, 1998;Latkin et al, 2006;Musto, 1999). Our respondents reported that they typically avoided discussion with regard to the morality and evils of drug use, and also discussion framed in terms of SEPs working against the war on IV Community experts are defined as professionals and activists working in the fields of HIV prevention, drug treatment or HIV public policy.…”

Section: Themes Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

NIMBY localism and national inequitable exclusion alliances: The case of syringe exchange programs in the United States

et al. 2007

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Syringe exchange programs (SEPs) aim to reduce the harm associated with injection drug use (IDU). Although they have been accepted as critical components of HIV prevention in many parts of the world, they are often unwelcome and difficult to set up and maintain, even in communities hardest hit by IDU-related HIV transmission. This research examines socio-cultural and political processes that shape community and institutional resistance toward establishing and maintaining SEPs. These processes are configured and reinforced through the socio-spatial stigmatizing of IDUs, and legal and public policy against SEPs. Overarching themes the paper considers are: (1) institutional and/or political opposition based on (a) political and law enforcement issues associated with state drug paraphernalia laws and local syringe laws; (b) harassment of drug users and resistance to services for drug users by local politicians and police; and (c) state and local government (in)action or opposition; and (2) the stigmatization of drug users and location of SEPs in local neighborhoods and business districts. Rather than be explained by "not in my back yard" localism, this pattern seems best conceptualized as an "inequitable exclusion alliance" (IEA) that institutionalizes national and local stigmatizing of drug users and other vulnerable populations.

show abstract

Section: Methods and Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Themes Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

NIMBY localism and national inequitable exclusion alliances: The case of syringe exchange programs in the United States

et al. 2007

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…37,38 Results of the present study are consistent with results from our cross-sectional study that found little difference in IDU prevalence between Hispanic and nonHispanic White MSA residents in 1998. 39 Although the mean prevalence rates differ, as can be seen in Figure 1, the 1998 median prevalence rates among Hispanic (95 per 10,000) and non-Hispanic White (93 per 10,000) 39 MSA residents are quite similar. IDU prevalence appears to have differed more greatly between Hispanic and non-Hispanic White MSA residents during earlier study years (1992-1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Estimates of the Population Prevalence of Injection Drug Users among Hispanic Residents of Large US Metropolitan Areas

et al. 2012

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Little information exists on the population prevalence or geographic distribution of injection drug users (IDUs) who are Hispanic in the USA. Here, we present yearly estimates of IDU population prevalence among Hispanic residents of the 96 most populated US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) for 1992-2002. First, yearly estimates of the proportion of IDUs who were Hispanic in each MSA were created by combining data on (1) IDUs receiving drug treatment services in Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)'s Treatment Entry Data System, (2) IDUs being tested in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) HIV-Counseling and Testing System, and (3) incident AIDS diagnoses among IDUs, supplemented by (4) data on IDUs who were living with AIDS. Then, the resulting proportions were multiplied by published yearly estimates of the number of IDUs of all racial/ethnic groups in each MSA to produce Hispanic IDU population estimates. These were divided by Hispanic population data to produce population prevalence rates. Time trends were tested using mixed-effects regression models. Hispanic IDU prevalence declined significantly on average (1992 mean=192, median=133; 2002 mean=144, median=93; units are per 10,000 Hispanics aged 15-64). The highest prevalence rates across time tended to be in smaller northeastern MSAs. Comparing the last three study years to the first three, prevalence decreased in 82% of MSAs and increased in 18%. Comparisons with data on drug-related mortality and hepatitis C mortality supported the validity of the estimates. Generally, estimates of Hispanic IDU population prevalence were higher than published estimates for non-Hispanic White residents and lower than published estimates for non-Hispanic Black residents. Hispanics infected with HIV are twice as likely as non-Hispanic Whites to be diagnosed late in the course of their infection.3 Hispanic IDUs may be less likely to utilize HIV prevention services, or services for drug users, than non-Hispanics due to greater concern about stigma regarding drug use, HIV/AIDS, or the association between HIV/AIDS and homosexuality. [4][5][6][7] Research on Hispanic IDUs is hampered by the lack of information on their number and geographic location over time. Such information could be used to better target HIV and hepatitis C prevention programs among Hispanic IDUs and to compare trends in injection drug use, HIV, and hepatitis C across racial/ethnic groups. Data on overall IDU prevalence and on IDU prevalence among nonHispanic White and non-Hispanic Black residents aged 15-64 of the 96 largest US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) have been published for the 1992-2002 period.8,9The current study fills a crucial gap by providing estimates of IDU population prevalence among Hispanic residents aged 15-64 in the same set of MSAs during the same time period. To extend the analysis to more recent years, we also examine change in the estimated proportion of IDUs who were Hispanic from 2002 to 2007. METHODSWe use the term ...

show abstract

“…Hispanic and white persons had similar injecting rates, but there was considerable geographic variation. 16 NIDA National AIDS Demonstration Research (NADR) data demonstrated there were also differences in risk and treatment between black and white IDUs in several Ohio cities. 17 While black men accounted for a disproportionately high proportion of HIV cases attributed to injection drug use, black women accounted for a similarly high proportion of HIV cases attributed to heterosexual sex with a person who injects drugs.…”

Section: What Are the Epidemiologic Trends In Hiv Among Idus In The Umentioning

confidence: 99%

Update and Overview of Practical Epidemiologic Aspects of HIV/AIDS among Injection Drug Users in the United States

Garfein²,

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In a changing public health landscape in which local, state, and federal agencies must confront threats of bioterrorism, emerging infections, and numerous chronic diseases, transmission of HIV among injection drug users (IDUs) continues to be an important public health issue and one of the driving forces behind the HIV epidemic. Using a computerized MEDLINE search of published articles from January 1981 through October 2005, we conducted a literature review of practical epidemiologic aspects of HIV/AIDS among IDUs in the United States. Although recent trends indicate a decline in the proportion of newly diagnosed HIV infections associated with injection drug use, drug-use behaviors overall still account for 32% of new HIV diagnoses. Factors in addition to syringe sharing contribute to HIV transmission among IDUs: risky sexual behaviors, sharing of drug preparation equipment and drug solutions, and contextual and social factors. Promising approaches for HIV prevention include rapid HIV testing, office-based substance abuse treatment, behavioral interventions, improved communication about syringe exchange programs, and case management. HIV among IDUs continues to be an important public health problem in the 21st century. It is imperative that public health agencies continue to monitor and combat the HIV epidemic among IDUs to ensure that hard-won gains will not be eroded.

show abstract

Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Injection Drug Use in Large US Metropolitan Areas

Cited by 52 publications

References 51 publications

NIMBY localism and national inequitable exclusion alliances: The case of syringe exchange programs in the United States

NIMBY localism and national inequitable exclusion alliances: The case of syringe exchange programs in the United States

Estimates of the Population Prevalence of Injection Drug Users among Hispanic Residents of Large US Metropolitan Areas

Update and Overview of Practical Epidemiologic Aspects of HIV/AIDS among Injection Drug Users in the United States

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About