Racial/ethnic sleep disparities in US school-aged children and adolescents: a review of the literature

Guglielmo, Dana; Gazmararian, Julie A.; Chung, JaeWoong; Rogers, Ann E.; Hale, Lauren

doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2017.09.005

Cited by 215 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…The omission of Asian communities from sleep research is troubling. A recent review of childhood sleep was unable to arrive at a conclusive comment regarding Asian youth due to inconsistent results and poor representation in existing studies (Guglielmo, Gazmararian, Chung, Rogers, & Hale, ). Although Asians comprise < 6% of the United States population, they are the fastest growing minority group in the country, growing 72% between 2000 and 2015 (Lopez, Ruiz, & Patten, ).…”

Section: Sleep and Youth Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Disparities in Sleep: Associations With Discrimination Among Ethnic/Racial Minority Adolescents

et al. 2019

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This study investigates the same-day associations between discrimination and sleep among 350 adolescents ages 13-15 (M = 14.29, SD = 0.65; Asian = 41%, Black = 22%, Latinx = 37%). Assessing sleep duration, sleep onset latency, and wake minutes after sleep onset using wrist actigraphy, Black adolescents slept 35 min less than Asian and 36 min less than Latinx youth. Black adolescents suffered the most wake minutes after sleep onset, followed by Latinx and Asian youth. Latinx youth reported the highest levels of sleep disturbance, whereas Asian youth reported the highest levels of daytime dysfunction. Daily discrimination was associated with lower levels of same-night sleep onset latency, more sleep disturbance, more next-day daytime dysfunction, and higher next-day daytime sleepiness.

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Section: Sleep and Youth Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Disparities in Sleep: Associations With Discrimination Among Ethnic/Racial Minority Adolescents

et al. 2019

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“…In most instances, the relationship is bidirectional [32,85,93,114,115,[118][119][120][121][122][123][124]. One of the main obstacles to early bedtimes are electronic devices and social media [116,125]. People who went to bed late, experienced less slow-wave sleep and more REM sleep than those who went to bed earlier [86,126].…”

Section: Contributing Epidemiologic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Association of Sleep and Metabolic Syndrome

Smiley¹,

Wolter²,

Nissan³

2019

J Med - Clin Res & Rev

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There is a U-shaped association between sleep duration and risk of metabolic syndrome. The related mechanisms can be grouped into two categories: I. Too little slow-wave sleep; II. Too much REM sleep. Too little slow-wave sleep. 1) Stage 3 is the most crucial sleep stage because growth hormone (GH) and GH releasing hormone (GHRH) are released during this stage. They induce fat burning, bone building, and general repair and regeneration. The greater the volume of GH and GHRH released, the more restorative the sleep. The longest part of stage 3 in sleep takes place before midnight. Delayed sleep onset until midnight or later, would suppress the largest GH pulse. 2) Sleep restriction induces high levels of ghrelin and low levels of leptin. Ghrelin stimulates appetite whereas leptin does the reverse. 3) Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are significantly increased in chronic sleep insufficiency and are also associated with insulin resistance in males with chronic sleep insufficiency. 4) Sleep insufficiency increases sympathetic activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines, both of which increase insulin resistance. 5) Accumulations of extracellular β amyloid protein plaques and intracellular tau neurofibrillary tangles in brain tissues start immediately after one night of sleep insufficiency. These plaques and tangles are neurotoxins that potentiate each other's destructive effects on the structures and functions of brain cells and cause neuronal death. The consequence is a global decrease in cognition and decision making, manifested in increased consumption of fatty foods and unhealthy snacks in late sleepers. 6) High levels of β amyloid and proteins might lead to sleep fragmentation, worsening of sleep quality and daytime somnolence. Concentration will be more difficult, and performance will be reduced. 7) Astrocytes are special giant cells in brain interstitial fluids that play a major role in β amyloid and tau cleanup. Their activity is increased by growth hormone. As a result, slow-wave sleep insufficiency may lead to impaired peripheral clearance of β amyloid and tau proteins predisposing the brain to Alzheimer's disease. Too much REM sleep. 1) The REM stage is the dreaming stage. The level of cortisol starts to rise in the middle of night based on circadian rhythm, and peaks in the morning. Cortisol is the fight or flight hormone, equipping the individual both to meet the demands of daily life and to handle stressful situations. It stimulates the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones increase heart rate and blood pressure as they prepare the body to initiate activity quickly. These reactions occur on top of heart rate variability and a rise in blood pressure induced by REM sleep. If the individual wakes up early in the morning, he will use the cortisol properly to prepare for the new day. If instead he or she remains asleep, there will be no physical activity, and the cortisol levels that are normal for a person who is awake will be high levels for the one who is asleep. Then, the sleeper m...

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“…Educational and developmental outcomes are worse for youth from non-marginalized compared to the non-marginalized background (Messiah et al, 2013;Butler, 2017;Guglielmo et al, 2018). Research, for example, has established worse educational outcomes for African American (AA) and Hispanic than non-Hispanic White youth (Arellano et al, 1998;Albrecht and Gordon-Larsen, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Place-Based Diminished Returns of Parental Educational Attainment on School Performance of Non-Hispanic White Youth

et al. 2020

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Background: Youth educational outcomes are a function of a wide range of factors including parental education level. This effect, however, is shown to be smaller for African American, Hispanic, and Asian American youth, a pattern called Marginalizationrelated Diminished Returns (MDRs). It is, however, unknown if it is race/ethnicity or other conditions associated with race/ethnicity (e.g., poor neighborhood quality) which reduces the marginal returns of parental education for youth. Aim: To explore whether MDRs are only due to race/ethnicity or if they also remain for non-Hispanic Whites in poor neighborhoods, we compared the association between parental education level and adolescents' school performance based on neighborhood quality in a nationally representative sample of non-Hispanic Whites in the United States. Methods: This cross-sectional study used wave 1 of the Add Health study, an ongoing nationally representative cohort, 1994-2019. Participants included 849 non-Hispanic White adolescents between the ages of 12 and 21 years and their parents. The independent variable was parental education level, which was treated as a continuous measure. Age, grade, gender, and parental marital status were the covariates. The dependent variable was school performance (sum of school grades in Math, English, History, and Science). Linear regression models were used for data analysis. Results: Overall, worse neighborhood quality was associated with worse school performance. Parental education level, however, was not directly associated with youth school performance. We found a statistically significant interaction between parental education level and neighborhood quality suggesting that the strength of the association between parental education and youth school performance weakens as neighborhood quality declines.

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Racial/ethnic sleep disparities in US school-aged children and adolescents: a review of the literature

Cited by 215 publications

References 64 publications

Racial Disparities in Sleep: Associations With Discrimination Among Ethnic/Racial Minority Adolescents

Racial Disparities in Sleep: Associations With Discrimination Among Ethnic/Racial Minority Adolescents

Mechanisms of Association of Sleep and Metabolic Syndrome

Place-Based Diminished Returns of Parental Educational Attainment on School Performance of Non-Hispanic White Youth

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