Racial Inequalities in Alcohol Use Disorder Diagnosis in a Sample of 700,000 Veterans

Abstract

Background: Studies show that Black and Hispanic Veterans have a higher prevalence of alcohol use disorder (AUD) than White Veterans. We examined whether the relationship between self–reported race/ethnicity and AUD diagnosis varies by self–reported alcohol consumption. Methods: The sample included 700,013 Black, Hispanic, and White Veterans enrolled in the Million Veteran Program cohort. Alcohol consumption was defined as an individual's maximum score on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–Consumption (AUDIT–C) questionnaire, a screen for hazardous or harmful drinking. The primary outcome, AUD, was defined by the presence of ICD–9/10 codes in the electronic health record. We used logistic regression with interactions to assess the association between race/ethnicity and AUD by maximum AUDIT–C score. Results: Black and Hispanic Veterans were more likely to have an AUD diagnosis than White Veterans despite similar levels of alcohol consumption. The difference was greatest between Black and White men. At all but the lowest and highest levels of alcohol consumption, Black men had 24%–111% greater odds of an AUD diagnosis. The association between race/ethnicity and AUD diagnosis remained after adjustment for alcohol consumption, alcohol–related disorders, and other potential confounders. Conclusions: The large discrepancy in AUD diagnosis across groups despite a similar distribution of alcohol consumption measures suggests that Veterans are differentially assigned an AUD diagnosis by race/ethnicity. Efforts are needed to examine the causes of the observed differences and to implement changes, such as structured diagnostic methods, to address a likely contributor to racial differences (i.e., bias) in AUD diagnosis.