Racial Profiling of Arabs and Muslims in the US: Historical, Empirical, and Legal Analysis Applied to the War on Terrorism

Swiney, Chrystie

doi:10.2202/1554-4419.1053

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Contrastingly, the September 11 attacks on U.S. soil strategically established extremist Islamist jihadist ideologues as a hegemonic threat to the Western world and shifted the global political focus from the Cold War era to politicizing terrorist Islam as a legitimate threat under the Western and specifically American political rhetoric of the WOT (Alsultany 2007; Rana 2011; Swiney 2006). Post-9/11 America saw rising Islamophobia and a visible brown racialization of the Muslim and Arab community (Zopf 2018).…”

Section: Background: From Orientalism To Racial Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently, the September 11 attacks and the War on Terror (WOT) that ensued were monumental in signifying Muslim identities within the realm of Islamic terrorism at a global level. The post-9/11 version of Islamophobia imposed racist policies on Muslims of Middle Eastern–North African (MENA) and South Asian origin, regardless of their U.S. citizenship status, in the form of travel bans, a Muslim ban, and enforced screening in immigration procedures (Cainkar 2009; Mamdani 2004; Rana 2011; Selod 2015; Swiney 2006). Both the political rhetoric on the WOT and popular media strategically mapped jihadist Islam on Muslim identities (Aidi 2014; Alsultany 2012; Bayoumi 2006; Cainkar 2009; Naber 2008; Love 2017; Rana 2011; Shaheen 2008; Taylor 2016).…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Racialization of the Muslim Body and Space in Hollywood

Haider

2019

Sociology of Race and Ethnicity

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Using 11 high-grossing post-9/11 Hollywood films on terrorism and the Middle East, the author analyzes how films racialize Muslim identities in service to Islamophobia. This research brings together racialization theory with analysis of political ideologies that illustrate visualized racialized meanings on Muslim identities. The racialized portrayals of Muslim bodies inscribed in the political rhetoric of the War on Terror follow a systemic process of ethnoracial cultural othering that objectifies, vilifies, and dehumanizes Muslim identities. The author demonstrates how films engage in the political processes of racial construction of Muslim identities by criminalizing their gendered identity, dehumanizing their body, and devaluing their territorial and physical space in the context of the War on Terror.

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Section: Background: From Orientalism To Racial Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Racialization of the Muslim Body and Space in Hollywood

Haider

2019

Sociology of Race and Ethnicity

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“…Scapegoating resulted in "widespread labeling of opponents of the war, or even those insufficiently enthusiastic about it, as 'unpatriotic,' 'un-American,' 'traitors,' or if they were in foreign countries, 'anti-American' and 'enemies of America'" (Lifton, 2003, p. xi). Scapegoating also led to the suspension of rights and torturing of imprisoned, suspected terrorists at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Abu Ghraib prison, and other locations (Kugler & Cooper, 2010), and to racial profiling of Muslims (Shahshahani, 2011;Swiney, 2006). As von Hippel (2002) concludes regarding the reactions to 9/11, "Humiliation can in itself cause increased levels of commitment and recruitment to 'the cause.'"…”

Section: Journal Of Jungian Scholarly Studies 16mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Psychology of Terror, American Exceptionalism, and the Greek God Pan

Fontelieu

2014

JJSS

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This study strives to contribute to a better understanding of contemporary anxieties in American culture by applying meanings derived from mythology to panic inducing cultural phenomena. It asks if the Greek god Pan and his retinue ofnymphs metaphorically exemplify an archetypal core within an American cultural anxiety complex. The principal technical device used is Jung’s method of amplification, rendering cultural material at a more psychologically substantial level.This hermeneutic research views primary sources for and commentaries on the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and the American reactions that followed. A faulty belief in American exceptionalism is examined for its contribution to thereactions by the American government and its citizens. Some consequences of American exceptionalism, as seen in reactions to 9/11, are clarified through a correlation with a metaphoric reading of Pan, the Greek nature god. Pan’s compulsion into life is considered to be a symbolic expression of an archetype that was once alive in the bold spirit of America, but has rusted into paralysis due to a lack of initiative towards contemporary problems. It was as if the government of the Unites States, starting at the top, had decided that the terrorist outrages of September 11, 2001, meant that law, custom and decency had all been suspended sine die. (Hodgson, 2009, p. 127) History …is a nightmare from which I am trying to awaken. (Joyce, 1961, p. 34)

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“…In the first 7 weeks following the 9 ⁄ 11 attacks, close to 1200 individuals, nearly all of them Arabs or Muslims, were detained. In addition, the Justice Department selected approximately 5000 young immigrant men for interviews, based on their age, date of arrival to the United States, and country of origin -virtually all of these individuals were Arabs or Muslims (Swiney 2006). It is notable that opinion polls indicated that over 80 percent of Americans disapproved of racial profiling prior to the 9 ⁄ 11 attacks, but nearly 60 percent, including a majority of African-Americans, supported profiling of Arabs at airports after the attacks (Swiney 2006).…”

Section: Historical Context and Recent Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Profiling/Biased Policing

Mosher

2011

Sociology Compass

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Media and legal attention to the issue of racial profiling in the United States intensified in the 1990s, with numerous studies from a wide range of jurisdictions revealing evidence of biased policing. This article briefly examines the history of biased policing in the United States, discusses the results of some of the more recent studies as well as studies of biased policing in other countries, and also devotes considerable attention to important theoretical and methodological issues in conducting research on racial profiling. These issues include how race/ethnicity should be coded, how to establish an appropriate denominator/benchmark in racial profiling studies, and what factors in addition to race/ethnicity need to be considered in analyses of bias in citations/arrests/and searches. Although attention to racial profiling waned somewhat after the September 11, 2001, attacks, recent events suggest a renewed interest in this problem.

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Racial Profiling of Arabs and Muslims in the US: Historical, Empirical, and Legal Analysis Applied to the War on Terrorism

Cited by 15 publications

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The Racialization of the Muslim Body and Space in Hollywood

The Racialization of the Muslim Body and Space in Hollywood

The Psychology of Terror, American Exceptionalism, and the Greek God Pan

Racial Profiling/Biased Policing

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