Racial socialization practices among African American fathers: A profile-oriented approach.

Abstract

Employing a latent profile analytic approach, this investigation identified racial socialization patterns among African American fathers. In addition, this study explored whether profiles varied by father and child sociodemographic characteristics. Participants were 166 African American fathers (M = 32.20, SD = 8.26) of adolescents (M = 12.60, SD = 2.20). Analyses revealed that a 5-cluster solution fit the data most optimally. Identified profiles were (a) infrequent racial socializes, (b) negative racial socializes, (c) positive racial socializes, (d) low race salience socializes, and (e) race salience socializes. Results provided partial support for sociodemographic variation across racial socialization. Implications for multidimensional perspectives on African American fathers' racial socialization prac tices are discussed.

African American Fathers' Racial Socialization Patterns: Associations with Racial Identity Beliefs and Discrimination Experiences

“…As outlined in Cooper et al (), a latent profile analysis (LPA) using Mplus (Version 7.0; Muthén & Muthén, 1998–2014) was utilized to identify racial socialization patterns among African American fathers. To determine the best fitting model, several fit indices (e.g., Akaike Information Criterion [AIC], Bayesian Information Criterion [BIC], Entropy) were used.…”

“…Also, based upon recommendations in the literature (Nylund, Asparouhov, & Muthen, ), a bootstrap likelihood ratio test (BLRT) was utilized to confirm the appropriate number of profiles. Analyses resulted in the identification of five distinct classes (see Cooper et al, , for a more detailed identification procedure). Class 1 included 13 fathers (7.8%), Class 2 comprised 14 fathers (8.4%), Class 3 composed 64 fathers (36.7%), Class 4 (38.5%) included 61 fathers, and Class 5 comprised 14 fathers (8.4%).…”

“…This study investigated whether African American fathers' racial identity beliefs and discrimination experiences were associated with their racial socialization patterns. In particular, this investigation examined associations with five racial socialization patterns: (a) infrequent racial socializers, (b) negative racial socializers, (c) positive racial socializers, (d) low race salience socializers, and (e) race salience socializers (Cooper et al, ). In line with ecologically grounded parenting frameworks (e.g., Abidin, ; Belsky, ), our findings indicate that African American fathers' social experiences have implications for their parenting practices.…”

The Impact of African American Parents’ Racial Discrimination Experiences and Perceived Neighborhood Cohesion on their Racial Socialization Practices

“…Reliance on these predominately female samples only provides insight into how women socialize their children. Previous studies indicate that mothers and fathers provide different racial socialization messages (Cooper et al 2015), and differently for boys and girls, highlighting the necessity of examining both mothers’ and fathers’ racial socialization messages.…”

EMBRace: Developing a Racial Socialization Intervention to Reduce Racial Stress and Enhance Racial Coping among Black Parents and Adolescents

“…As such, promotion of mistrust may foster negative attitudes about others more than positive attitudes about oneself or one's group, and it has not been shown to predict ethnic identity exploration or commitment in youth (Else-Quest & Morse, 2015). Yet the extant literature indicates that there are positive outcomes associated with egalitarianism when used with other RS strategies (Cooper, Smalls-Glover, Neblett, & Banks, 2015), specifically regarding self-concept when used with cultural socialization (Neblett et al, 2012). Yet the extant literature indicates that there are positive outcomes associated with egalitarianism when used with other RS strategies (Cooper, Smalls-Glover, Neblett, & Banks, 2015), specifically regarding self-concept when used with cultural socialization (Neblett et al, 2012).…”