“…This is largely because the forms of discrimination that can be seen off campus (e.g., different rates of employment for Whites and minorities, housing segregation, and social separation along racial-ethnic lines) can also be seen on campus (Katz, 1991). This discrimination, combined with the pervasiveness of on-campus racial abuse, has led many minority students to perceive college campuses as being hostile and alienating environments (Aguirre & Messineo, 1997;Mack, Tucker, Archuleta, DeGrout, Hernandez, & Oh Cha, 1997;Moses, 1990;Sedlacek, 1999;Thomas, 1997).…”