Racing Pigeons: A Reservoir for Nitro-Imidazole–Resistant<i>Trichomonas gallinae</i>

Rouffaer, Lieze; Adriaensen, Connie; Boeck, Cindy De; Claerebout, Edwin; Martel, An

doi:10.1645/13-359.1

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…To assess MTZ resistance in T. gallinae strains (Rouffaer et al, 2014), a 24-h MIC breakpoint (15.6 μg/mL) was established. Our study revealed that the 24 h MIC of MTZ was 50 μg/mL, which differs significantly from that reported by Rouffaer et al, whose specified value differs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro anti‐Trichomonas gallinae effects of Ziziphus vulgaris L. and Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze extracts

Rahimi,

Malekifard,

Esmaeilnejad

2024

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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BackgroundTrichomonas gallinae is a parasite that causes canker and severe loss and death, especially in young pigeons. Metronidazole (MTZ) is the recommended drug for treating avian trichomoniasis. Due to drug resistance, non‐chemical alternatives, such as medicinal plant extracts, are also considered possible therapies for this disease.ObjectivesThis study compares the antitrichomonal effects of MTZ with extracts of Camellia sinensis and Ziziphus vulgaris on T. gallinae in vitro.MethodsSamples of T. gallinae were taken from infected pigeons. Multi‐well plates with different concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL) of plant extracts were used for the in vitro study.ResultsThe minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of C. sinensis extract was 25 µg/mL over 24 h, compared to 50 µg/mL for MTZ. The MIC value of the Z. vulgaris extracts was 50 µg/mL.ConclusionsThe results suggest that the extracts of Z. vulgaris and C. sinensis, as potential natural agents, could have anti‐avian trichomoniasis properties. This study also shows that MTZ, C. sinensis and Z. vulgaris are equally effective in preventing the growth of T. gallinae trophozoites in the culture.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro anti‐Trichomonas gallinae effects of Ziziphus vulgaris L. and Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze extracts

Rahimi,

Malekifard,

Esmaeilnejad

2024

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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“…2 In our series, only 4 of 24 cases of PiHV-infected adult pigeons had the typical gross lesions of trichomonosis. The presence of immunosuppressive agents (such as PiCV) or nitroimidazole resistance 28 may have facilitated the pathogenicity of this protozoal agent in these birds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A retrospective study of pigeon herpesviral infection in domestic pigeons in California (1991–2014) and literature review

et al. 2023

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We characterized naturally occurring pigeon herpesvirus (PiHV; Columbid alphaherpesvirus 1) infection in domestic pigeons in California. We retrieved and analyzed 62 pathology reports produced between 1991 and 2014 at the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System. In 56 of the cases, the diagnosis of PiHV infection was established based on histopathology, either alone (44 cases) or combined with virus isolation (VI; 8), transmission electron microscopy (TEM; 3), or PCR (1); in the remaining 6 cases, the diagnosis was established based on VI (5 cases) or TEM (1) alone. PiHV infection affected 1 system in 34, 2 in 16, and ≥3 systems in 6 cases; data were not available for the remaining 6 cases. Most commonly affected was the digestive system (55 cases), followed by the respiratory tract (5) and lymphoid system (2). The liver (39 cases), crop (17), and esophagus (14) were the organs affected most commonly. Many affected cells often bore single eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. PiHV infection was a secondary diagnosis or incidental finding in 35 cases. Most (55) cases had 1 (21), or up to 4 (34), other concurrent infections; the most common concurrent infections were pigeon circoviral infection (26), trichomonosis (24), aspergillosis (11), and colibacillosis (10).

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“…The main reservoirs are Columbiformes, but many avian species, including domestic and wild birds, can be infected (1). Nitroimidazoles are the drugs of choice for treatment, but several studies reported resistant strains, both, in vivo (2)(3)(4)(5) and in vitro (3,4,(6)(7)(8). Since the ban of the use of nitroimidazoles for prevention in the EU and the USA, there is no alternative to prevent the disease (9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Trichomonas gallinae activity of essential oils and main compounds from Lamiaceae and Asteraceae plants

et al. 2022

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Trichomonas gallinae is a flagellated protozoan that parasitizes the upper digestive tract of various bird species and causes avian trichomonosis. The emergence of resistant strains to the standard treatment, based on nitroimidazoles, increases the need to find alternative therapies. In this study, 36 essential oils (EOs) from Lamiaceae and Asteraceae plant families were tested against T. gallinae trophozoites using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-)-2,5-dipheniltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. Among them, EOs from distinct species of Lamiaceae, including the genera Lavandula, Salvia, Thymus, Origanum, and Satureja were the ones reporting better anti-trichomonal activity, and were selected for further analysis, including chemical composition and in vitro assays. The chemical composition of the selected EOs was determined by gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry and 19 pure compounds were tested against the protozoa, according to their higher abundance in the active EOs. Pure compounds which displayed the highest activity against T. gallinae trophozoites, ordered by highest to lowest activity, were α and β-thujones, camphene, β-pinene, linalyl acetate, thymol, 4-terpineol, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, p-cymene, D-fenchone and β-caryophyllene. A dose dependent effect was observed in most of the EOs and pure compounds tested. The toxicity test conducted in eukaryotic cell cultures with the anti-trichomonal active pure compounds showed that β-caryophyllene, camphene, α-pinene, and β-pinene were slightly toxic for Vero cells, and the selectivity index was calculated. Based on the anti-trichomonal activity and the absence of cytotoxicity results, natural products from Lamiaceae plants could be useful as alternative therapy against avian trichomonosis, mainly those containing linalyl acetate, thymol, 4-terpinenol, γ-terpinene, p-cymene and D-fenchone.

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Racing Pigeons: A Reservoir for Nitro-Imidazole–ResistantTrichomonas gallinae

Cited by 17 publications

References 18 publications

In vitro anti‐Trichomonas gallinae effects of Ziziphus vulgaris L. and Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze extracts

In vitro anti‐Trichomonas gallinae effects of Ziziphus vulgaris L. and Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze extracts

A retrospective study of pigeon herpesviral infection in domestic pigeons in California (1991–2014) and literature review

Anti-Trichomonas gallinae activity of essential oils and main compounds from Lamiaceae and Asteraceae plants

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