Racism, psychosis and common mental disorder among ethnic minority groups in England

Karlsen, Saffron; Nazroo, James; McKenzie, Kwame; Bhui, Kamaldeep; Weich, Scott

doi:10.1017/s0033291705005830

Cited by 211 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In the UK, the risk for developing psychosis in African-Caribbean's is much higher than for South Asians (Fearon et al, 2006) who are likely to experience a higher degree of discrimination (Karlsen et al, 2005). Ethnic minority groups are known to differ in terms of their stigmatised status in society.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They identified age, sex, appearance, sexual orientation and disabilities as significant discriminating factors associated with risk of paranoid delusions (Janssen, Hanssen, 2003). Additional studies have demonstrated significant associations between perceived discrimination and psychosis in ethnic minority and immigrant groups, with the incidence of psychosis being higher when groups perceive more discrimination (Karlsen et al, 2005;Veling et al, 2007). Furthermore, incidence rates of psychosis have been shown to be equal among first and secondgeneration immigrants, indicating that post immigration stressors are equally as important as pre-migration (Morgan and Hutchinson, 2009;Seeman, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceived ethnic discrimination and persecutory paranoia in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis

Shaikh

Ellett

Dutt

et al. 2016

Psychiatry Research

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Despite a consensus that psychosocial adversity plays a role in the onset of psychosis, the nature of this role in relation to persecutory paranoia remains unclear.This study examined the complex relationship between perceived ethnic discrimination and paranoid ideation in individuals at Ultra High Risk (UHR) for psychosis using a virtual reality paradigm to objectively measure paranoia. Data from 64 UHR participants and 43 healthy volunteers were analysed to investigate the relationship between perceived ethnic discrimination and persecutory ideation in a virtual reality environment. Perceived ethnic discrimination was higher in young adults at UHR in comparison to healthy controls. A positive correlation was observed between perceived ethnic discrimination and paranoid persecutory ideation in the whole sample. Perceived ethnic discrimination was not a significant predictor of paranoid persecutory ideation in the VR environment. Elevated levels of perceived ethnic discrimination are present in individuals at UHR and are consistent with current biopsychosocial models in which psychosocial adversity plays a key role in the development of psychosis and attenuated symptomatology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived ethnic discrimination and persecutory paranoia in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis

Shaikh

Ellett

Dutt

et al. 2016

Psychiatry Research

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“…Experiences of interpersonal racism, as well as the perception of societal racism, have both been shown to have an independent effect on the likelihood of a psychotic disorder. 26 The incidence of schizophrenia also varies across ethnic minority groups based on the degree of perceived discrimination of each group. 27 Perceived discrimination has been found to be associated with more severe positive symptoms, as well as more severe symptoms of depression and anxiety, among migrants with a psychotic disorder.…”

Section: Role Of Visible Minority Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of psychotic disorders among first-generation immigrants and refugees in Ontario

Anderson

Cheng

Süsser

et al. 2015

CMAJ

117

125

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Background: Evidence suggests that migrant groups have an increased risk of psychotic disorders and that the level of risk varies by country of origin and host country. Canadian evidence is lacking on the incidence of psychotic disorders among migrants. We sought to examine the incidence of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders in first-generation immigrants and refugees in the province of Ontario, relative to the general population. Methods:We constructed a retrospective cohort that included people aged 14-40 years residing in Ontario as of Apr. 1, 1999. Population-based administrative data from physician billings and hospital admissions were linked to data from Citizenship and Immigration Canada. We used Poisson regression models to calculate age-and sex-adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for immigrant and refugee groups over a 10-year period.Results: In our cohort (n = 4 284 694), we found higher rates of psychotic disorders among immigrants from the Caribbean and Bermuda (IRR 1.60, 95% CI 1.29-1.98). Lower rates were found among immigrants from northern Europe (IRR 0.50, 95% CI 0.28-0.91), southern Europe (IRR 0.60, 95% CI 0.41-0.90) and East Asia (IRR 0.56, 95% CI 0.41-0.78). Refugee status was an independent predictor of risk among all migrants (IRR 1.27, 95% CI 1.04-1.56), and higher rates were found specifically for refugees from East Africa (IRR 1.95, 95% CI 1.44-2.65) and South Asia (IRR 1.51, 95% CI 1.08-2.12). Interpretation:The differential pattern of risk across ethnic subgroups in Ontario suggests that psychosocial and cultural factors associated with migration may contribute to the risk of psychotic disorders. Some groups may be more at risk, whereas others are protected. AbstractCMAJ Podcasts: author interview at soundcloud.com/cmajpodcasts/psychotic-disorders See also www.cmaj.ca/lookup

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“…Professor McKenzie pointed to the results of a survey 4 suggesting that 65 per cent of ethnic minority employees believe that employers discriminate on grounds of race. Furthermore, 14 per cent said that they had faced serious racially motivated abuse or a racial attack in the 12 months before the sur vey.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Even just thinking that most employers are racist increased the risk by nearly 60 per cent. 'This is a small increase, but it is important because so many people believe their employer is racist,' Professor McKenzie remarked.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Does racism underlie the link between migration and psychosis?

2007

Prog Neurol Psychiatry

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Racism and socioeconomic deprivation might be important factors in the relatively high rates of psychosis reported among migrants and their descendants, Kwame McKenzie, Professor of Mental Health and Society at the University of Central Lancashire and a Senior Lecturer in Transcultural Psychiatry at University College London, argued in his lecture at the sixth Latest Advances in Psychiatry Symposium held in London in April. Medical writer, Mark Greener, reports. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd

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Racism, psychosis and common mental disorder among ethnic minority groups in England

Abstract: Background. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between risk of psychosis, common mental disorder (CMD) and indicators of racism among ethnic minority groups in England and how this relationship may vary by particular ethnic groups.

Cited by 211 publications

References 32 publications

Perceived ethnic discrimination and persecutory paranoia in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis

Perceived ethnic discrimination and persecutory paranoia in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis

Incidence of psychotic disorders among first-generation immigrants and refugees in Ontario

Does racism underlie the link between migration and psychosis?

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