Radial Distributions of Sea Surface Temperature and Their Impacts on the Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Hato (2017)

Abstract

As a category-3 typhoon, Hato (2017) experienced the notable rapid intensification (RI) over the hot sea surface before its landfall. The RI process and the influences of local sea surface temperature (SST) patterns on the evolution of Hato were well captured and carefully investigated using a high-resolution air–sea coupled model. To further explore the close relationship between the radial distributions of SST and storm evolution, a sensitive experiment with time-fixed SST was also performed. Results showed that the time-fixed SST experiment produced earlier RI following the rapid core structure adjustment, as higher SST in the core region was found favorable to increasing the near-surface water vapor and latent heat flux. Strong updrafts were thus facilitated inside the eyewall, inducing the eyewall contraction and RI of the storm. In contrast, cooler SST inside the core region should account for the delay of RI as the intense convection located in the outer rainbands, inhibiting the transportation of energy into the inner-core. Momentum tendency analysis also proves these mechanisms. Therefore, not only the value of SST but also its radial-gradient, plays an important role in the evolution of tropical cyclones, highlighting the need for an advanced air–sea coupled model.

Coastal Downwelling Intensifies Landfalling Hurricanes

“…Many studies have shown high sea surface temperatures (SSTs) provide necessary energy for TCs by increasing air‐sea enthalpy (heat/moisture) fluxes, resulting in more sustained eyewall convection, warmer cores, lower central pressures, and stronger maximum winds (Emanuel et al., 2004; Jaimes et al., 2015; Zhang, Kalina, et al., 2020; Zhang, Zhang, et al., 2020). Simultaneously, however, stronger near‐surface winds impede TC intensification in two ways: frictional dissipation (Wang & Xu, 2010) and SST cooling.…”