“…In previous years, the most common diagnostic tools for lung cancer included CT, X-chip imaging, and sputum cytology examination. However, these methods lack sensitivity and specificity, and often lead to misdiagnosis (Sasaki et al, 2016;Zaric et al, 2016). Currently, medical imaging, bronchoscopy, bronchial perfusion fluid examinations, and tissue pathology analyses are widely used in lung cancer screening and early diagnosis (Huang et al, 2016).…”