Radial profiles of hard X-ray emission during steady state current drive in the TRIAM-1M tokamak

Abstract

The hard X-ray emission from the TRIAM-1M tokamak plasma during steady state lower hybrid current drive with a discharge duration of a few minutes was measured with sodium iodide scintillation spectrometers. The radial profiles of the X-ray emission were also measured and indicate that, in the low density regime (ne = (1−3)×1012 cm−3), the current carrying high energy electrons are mainly in the inner region of the plasma column and their radial profile remains unchanged during current drive. On the other hand, high density discharges (ne = (3−6) × 1012 cm−3) are always accompanied by an abrupt drop of the plasma current, and the X-ray emission profile changes from peaked to broad. This change can be attributed to the conditions of wave accessibility. As the electron density increases, the accessibility of the plasma to lower hybrid waves with low values of the parallel wave number n1 is significantly reduced and high energy electrons resonating with the waves are produced at the plasma periphery. Interaction of these electrons with the limiters causes an increase of the electron density in this region; waves with low n1 then become completely excluded from the inner part of the plasma column. This interpretation is supported by measurements of the density profile and impurity radiation, and has been confirmed in an investigation of discharges with additional gas puffing.

Lower Hybrid Current Drive in High Aspect Ratio Tokamaks

“…Since TRIAM-1M tokamak has been dismantled, plasma and LH wave parameters for the simulations have been rebuilt from data in Refs. [27,45].…”

“…Finally, the measured FEB at photon energy k = 60 keV is centrally peaked and fairly broad as shown in Refs. [27,45]. Using HXR diagnostic characteristics given in Ref.…”

Multidimensional smooth loops with universal elasticity

“…1. The electron density n e is measured by a microwave interferometer at 140 GHz, the electron temperature T e is measured by a Si(Li) detector [7] and the perpendicular hard X ray temperature profile, T HX (R), is measured by a NaI scintillator array viewing vertically [8].…”

“…Within these density and ∆R windows the sensitivity of ∆φ was studied. It was found that the HIT transition occurs from 90 • to 120 • , corresponding to the region in which the current drive efficiency is high [8].…”

“…In TRIAM-1M the mean value of ξ is evaluated to be 0.1-0.3 with assumptions of u drift ∝ j/n e and a parabolic current profile j(r). On the basis of soft X ray (∼1-10 keV) and hard X ray (30-200 keV) measurements, with sight lines perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the parallel extended (at least above 200 keV) electron velocity distribution can be deduced [8,18]. In addition to the examination of these two necessary conditions to excite waves that heat ions, we investigated the electromagnetic wave emission below ∼3 GHz measured by a horn antenna through a quartz vacuum window and spectrum analyser.…”