Radiation grafting of styrene into crosslinked PTEE films and subsequent sulfonation for fuel cell applications

Ion exchange membranes: State of their development and perspective

“…The former can be prepared either by direct grafting of acrylic monomers like acrylic [40][41][42][43][44], methacrylic acids [45][46][47][48][49] and their mixtures with acrylonitrile [50,51] and vinylacetate [52] or by grafting of epoxy acrylate monomers, such as glycidyl acrylate or glycidyl methacrylate onto polymer films followed by the conversion of the epoxy group into carboxylic group, such as iminodiacetate groups which were obtained by post-grafting ring opening reaction [53]. Strongly acidic membranes are commonly prepared by grafting of styrene onto polymer films and the resulted graft copolymer films are subsequently sulfonated [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61].…”

Quantum-beam technology: A versatile tool for developing polymer electrolyte fuel-cell membranes

“…Styrene has been used widely as a grafting monomer because it shows a favorable radical polymerization kinetics and the aromatic ring is readily sulfonated to introduce the ion exchange functionality. At the JAEA group, the grafted films were sulfonated with 0.2 mol dm −3 chlorosulfonic acid in 1,2-dichloroethane at 50 • C for 6 h, followed by hydrolysis to obtain the SO 3 H functional group [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. In most cases, the degree of sulfonation achieved was around 95%, in which complete sulfonation (100%) corresponds to one SO 3 H group per aromatic ring.…”

“…A series of the author's studies originated from a strong motivation to use a radiation-crosslinked polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film as a substrate for improving the PEM properties [4,5]. For the first time, the author's group combined the radiation grafting with another radiation technology, i.e., the crosslinking of the base polymer.…”

Synthesis and Characterization of Polystyrene Grafted Nanohybrids by Graft Polymerization

“…Radiation-induced graft polymerization is a deep-rooted knowledge about developing grafted polymers [1][2][3]. The simultaneous radiation grafting is a one-step modus operandi in which free radicals are generated equivalently on monomer and substrate causing higher grafting efficiency.…”