Radiation‐induced graft copolymerization of styrene to cellulose

Guthrie, John D.; Huglin, Malcolm B.; Phillips, Glyn O.

doi:10.1002/app.1972.070160420

Cited by 28 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The 2% (v/v) water is compatible with producing homogeneous solutions as well as helping cellulose to swell, while still allowing solubility of PSt produced during irradiation. 42 In addition to obtaining satisfying graft ratios (max. 39% grafting), controlled polymerization was also observed in dioxan-water mixture using CPDA as the RAFT agent, styrene as the monomer, and γ-radiation as the source of initiation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verification of Controlled Grafting of Styrene from Cellulose via Radiation-Induced RAFT Polymerization

et al. 2007

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Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was applied to radiationinduced graft polymerization of styrene from cellulose. The grafting of styrene from cellulose substrates using the chain transfer agent cumyl phenyldithioacetate was confirmed by Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetery, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle analysis. Grafted polystyrene chains were cleaved from the cellulose surface by acidic hydrolysis of the cellulose. The number-average molecular weight and polydispersity index of the grafted and the free (nongrafted) polystyrenes obtained under identical conditions were determined by size exclusion chromatography. Grafted and nongrafted polystyrenes have almost the same (near theoretical) molecular weight and narrow polydispersity, thus proving for the first time the control of the grafting process mediated via RAFT without any prior functionalization of the surface.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verification of Controlled Grafting of Styrene from Cellulose via Radiation-Induced RAFT Polymerization

et al. 2007

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“…One is tempted to try to derive the G (nitrile radical) value for each of the nitriles by using data provided by a kinetic study of each system. Such a procedure has been utilized by Guthrie et al, 24,25 albeit for simpler systems. To proceed certain assumptions must be made, (1) the polymerizations are not diffusion-controlled, ( 2 ) energy transfer effects can be discounted, and (3) factors such as composite densities and radical yields may be handled additively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of organic nitriles on the radiation induced polymerization of styrene

Guthrie

Squires

1984

J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed.

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The effect of a range of 10 organic nitriles on the radiation‐induced polymerization of styrene was studied. A dose rate of 4.4 rad s−1 was used. A rate of polymerization of styrene (1.744 mol L−1 of toluene solution) of 5.0 × 10−7 mol L−1 s−1 was found. With organic nitriles present (styrene:nitrile ratio of 1:0.28) the rate of polymerization increased. Rates in the range of 5.5 × 10−7 −5.2 × 10−6 mol L−1 s−1, depending on the nitrile present, were obtained. The polymers were partially characterized and evidence of involvement of each of the nitriles in the polymer chains was revealed. The increase in rate of polymerization has been attributed to the part played by nitrile radicals in the initiation of styrene polymerization. Radical yield values [as G(nitrile radical)] were derived from the relevant rate expressions. Values ranged from 2.7 to 49.5, depending on the particular nitrile. Corresponding values of G(nitrile radical) in the range of 5.1–129.4 were obtained by the manipulation of number‐average molar mass data. Values of kpkt of approximately 2 × 10−5 L mol−1 s−1 were found. Trommsdorff types of effect are absent from these systems.

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“…The enhancement in graft yield by increasing styrene concentration could be interpreted in terms of gel effect brought about by the solubility of styrene in its own monomer as the styrene concentration increases. 12 The consequence of the gel effect is to hinder termination of the growing grafted chain radicals by coupling, thereby giving rise to increased grafting. Table VI shows the graft yield obtained when styrene was grafted onto substrates I through VII at two radiation does 0.5 and 1.5 Mrad.…”

Section: Monomer Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moisture regain and dyeability of poly(acrylic acid)‐ and poly(styrene)‐carbamoylethylated cotton graft copolymers induced by gamma radiation

Hebeish

Zahran

El‐Naggar

et al. 1986

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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SynopsisGamma radiation-induced graft copolymerization of either acrylic acid or styrene onto untreated cotton, alkali-treated cotton, and carbamoylethylated cottons having 0.392% N, 0.524% N, 0.725% N, 1.379% N, and 1.546% N was investigated under different conditions. Moisture regain and dyeability of these substrates before and after copolymerization were also examined.It was found that the graft yield increases by increasing monomer concentration and radiation dose irrespective of the monomer or substrate used. Using water-ethanol mixtures as polymerization media are advantageous for grafting of styrene. With both monomers, however, the graft yield for the modified cottons are substantially higher than untreated and alkalitreated cottons, indicating that the presence of carbamoylethyl in the molecular structure of cotton cellulose affords additional sites for graft copolymerization. Copolymers obtained using acrylic acid show much higher moisture regain that the ungrafted substrates, particularly when the carboxylic groups of the graft were in the sodium form. The opposite holds true for copolymers brought about by grafting with styrene. The color strength of all substrates dyed with a direct or a reactive dye decreases significantly after copolymerization with poly(acry1ic acid) prior to dyeing. On the other hand, this copolymerization improves the affinity of the substrates for the basic dye and brings about perceptible shade. Copolymerization of the substrates in question with poly(styrene1 improves the color strength of these substrates when dyed with direct, disperse, and basic dyes but decreases the color strength upon dyeing with a reactive dye.

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Radiation‐induced graft copolymerization of styrene to cellulose

Cited by 28 publications

References 33 publications

Verification of Controlled Grafting of Styrene from Cellulose via Radiation-Induced RAFT Polymerization

Verification of Controlled Grafting of Styrene from Cellulose via Radiation-Induced RAFT Polymerization

The effect of organic nitriles on the radiation induced polymerization of styrene

Moisture regain and dyeability of poly(acrylic acid)‐ and poly(styrene)‐carbamoylethylated cotton graft copolymers induced by gamma radiation

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