“…The two prevalent and important methods used in surface pretreatments are (1) ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (Motegi et al, 2024) and (2) plasma discharge (Cerqueira et al, 2024). These surface activation methods aim to create active oxygen-containing species on the polymer surface, such as surface radicals and carbonyl, -OH, and -COOH groups (Azzian et al, 2024). Common materials used for food packaging, including polylactic acid (PLA) (Yuan et al, 2024), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), highdensity polyethylene, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polystyrene, are typically surfacefunctionalized (Costa et al, 2011;Huang et al, 2019).…”