Radiation of Flora in the Early Triassic Succeeding the End Permian Crisis: Evidences from the Gondwana Supergroup of Peninsular India

Ghosh, Amit K.; Chatterjee, Reshmi; Pramanik, Subhankar; Kar, Ratan

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-71370-6_3

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…¨Journal of Environmental Biology, January 2023p lace after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction (~252 million years ago) event (Pal et al, 1991;Pal and Ghosh, 1997;Chatterjee et al, 2014;Ghosh et al, 2014;Ghosh et al, 2016;Kar and Ghosh, 2018;Ghosh et al, 2021). My working group also attempted to identify the changes in the benthic marine flora before and after the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction (~65 million years ago) event (Ghosh et al, 1997;Ghosh and Sarkar, 2013).…”

Section: O N L I N E C O P Ymentioning

confidence: 99%

An assumption of the past climate and environment in millennial and centennial scale

Ghosh¹

2023

JEB

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The approximate age of Planet Earth is around 4.54 billion years. This age of the earth has been determined from isotopic dating of the rock samples from the earth’s crust as well as from the soils and rocks of the moon and meteorites. Dating methods e.g., Rubidium (87R) – Strontium (87Sr) and Uranium (238U, 235U, 232U) – Lead (206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb) are widely used for dating of the rocks pertaining to deep time. Succeeding the birth of planet earth, the origin of first life on the earth is one of the greatest enigmas. There have been a number of questions that have been asked on this issue but many of the answers are not satisfactory and absolutely verified as well as full proof. For a better understanding of this enigma, we need to focus on the several features and geochemical conditions that were congenial for the first life on Planet Earth. We need to know which were the main driving forces viz., water, chemistry, temperature cycles, etc., that facilitated the emergence of life on the earth. There are various opinions regarding the origin of first life on the earth. A group of scientists believe that RNA or RNA -like molecule first appeared on the earth that was capable to self replicate. As far as the existing knowledge is concerned, the earliest life forms were microscopic organisms (microbes) and their evidence is archived in the rocks of about 3.7 billion years ago. Evidence of microbes is also preserved in Stromatolites (lamination of lime-secreting Cyanobacteria that make calcareous mound). After the evolution of Cyanobacteria, there was a dramatic transformation by the rise in Oxygen level in the atmosphere. Gradually from the prokaryotes, the eukaryotes evolved. In the history of life on the earth there have been numerous mass extinction events when high proportions of the plants and animals became extinct both in the terrestrial and marine realms. However, the classical mass extinction events are popularly known as 'Big Five'. In accordance with the geological time scale, the 'Big Five' major mass extinction events are: Ordovician-Silurian (440-450 million years ago), Devonian-Carboniferous (360-375 million years ago), Permian-Triassic (252 million years ago), Triassic-Jurassic (205 million years ago) and Cretaceous-Tertiary (65 million years ago). Extreme climatic and catastrophic events were responsible for all these mass extinction events that took place in the history of earth. However, with every mass extinction event, radiation of flora and fauna took place and evolution as well as diversification in the plant and animal kingdom was witnessed both on the land and in the ocean. All these are linked to the change in climate and environment and there have been change in climate since the first life emerged on the earth i.e., during the past several million years. During the past few decades, the global trend of climate change has created tremendous encouragement and increased concern amongst the scientific community of the world and that have motivated the scientists to focus on different aspects of climate research. In this backdrop, the study of the past climate can provide some important clues and by virtue of that possible changes in the future climate can be predicted. Based on different instruments recorded at the meteorological stations, climate and environmental records of the past few centuries can be traced but not on a millennial and centennial scale. For this reason, we need proxies viz., biotic proxies preserved as fossils and geochemical proxies archived in the ancient rocks of the earth. These proxies are able to interpret the past changes in the climate and environment that occurred in different time slices on the Planet Earth. During the last thirty five years of my palaeobiological research hovered on the past climate and evolution of organisms both on the land and oceanic realms myself along with colleagues and research students associated with me have contributed on various extreme climatic events of the past. We have been able to decipher when and how the change in floral composition and radiation took place after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction (~252 million years ago) event (Pal et al., 1991; Pal and Ghosh, 1997; Chatterjee et al., 2014; Ghosh et al., 2014; Ghosh et al., 2016; Kar and Ghosh, 2018; Ghosh et al., 2021). My working group also attempted to identify the changes in the benthic marine flora before and after the Cretaceous- Tertiary mass extinction (~65 million years ago) event (Ghosh et al., 1997; Ghosh and Sarkar, 2013). During the last couple of decades, research of my working group mainly focused on the phytoplankton from the sedimentary rocks exposed in different islands of Andaman and Nicobar along with adjacent offshore sedimentary cores. Our investigations revealed the optimum climatic events, intensification of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM), fluctuations in sea level, and various other climatic events since ~16 million years ago (Chakraborty and Ghosh, 2016; Chakraborty et al., 2019; Ghosh et al., 2017; Chakraborty et al., 2021; Saxena et al., 2021; Chakraborty and Ghosh, 2021; Chakraborty et al., 2021a and b; Roy et al., 2022; Saxena et al., 2022). However, according to my perspective, the contributions of mine along with my working group are meager and in further intensive research is needed that can be used as an analogue to predict the future climatic scenario. Last but not the least, I would like to express that I am associated with the Journal of Environmental Biology for the last 10 years in different capacities. I really appreciate the quality of publication in the journal, the process of peer review and the accuracy that attracts the international audience. Specifically, I must acknowledge the contribution of Dr. R.C. Dalela who solely handled the journal and to date, the standard is maintained in an era of competition when various predatory journals are mushrooming all over the world. It is still unbelievable for me that the founder, Dr. R.C. Dalela is no more with us. On December 12, 2022 he took his last breadth. I pay my deepest regards and homage to Dr. Dalela. In fact, he invited me to write this editorial note and I am really thankful to this great human being; a very honest, humble, meticulous and pleasing personality. Whenever I met him, I told him that during my graduation I took the help of the book written by Dalela and Verma on Cell Biology. He is no more in this living world as it is the law of our life, but I believe that his untiring effort, hard work, blessings and best wishes will certainly improve the quality of the journal.

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Section: O N L I N E C O P Ymentioning

confidence: 99%

An assumption of the past climate and environment in millennial and centennial scale

Ghosh¹

2023

JEB

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“…The genera Cornia is widely recorded in the Lower Triassic of India (Ghosh et al, 1987a, b;Ghosh, 2011), Germany (Kozur and Seidel, 1983a, b;Kozur, 1993;Bachmann and Kozur, 2004;Kozur andWeems, 2007, 2010), Early Triassic of Russia (Novojilov, 1970), and Australia (Tasch, 1987), the Upper Triassic of Africa and Brazil (Tasch, 1987). The larger forms are most common in the Lower Triassic of South America (Ghosh and Dutta, 1996;Ghosh, 2011;Tassi et al, 2013). This genus, in Argentina, has been recorded in the Middle Triassic (Tassi et al, 2013;Tassi, 2015).…”

Section: Comparison Of Los Rastros and Agua De La Zorra Formationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This genus, in Argentina, has been recorded in the Middle Triassic (Tassi et al, 2013;Tassi, 2015). The small size of specimens of the genera Cornia, and the presence of the umbonal spine in this taxon, has been proposed as an indicator of arid environments, prone to drying out, and of water bodies with high salinity (Tasch, 1963;Ghosh, 1980Ghosh, , 1984Ghosh and Dutta, 1996). The genera Challaolimnadiopsis has been recorded in Argentina in the Cerro de las Cabras Formation (Middle Triassic) and the Potrerillos Formation (Middle to Early Upper Triassic) in the Mendoza province (Shen et al, 2001;Tassi, 2015).…”

Section: Comparison Of Los Rastros and Agua De La Zorra Formationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taphonomic analysis of Spinicaudata from two Triassic lacustrine systems affected by different volcanic processes

Bustos-Escalona,

Mancuso,

Benavente

et al. 2023

andgeo

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Spinicaudata are freshwater branchiopods. The growth and development of spinicaudata populations in freshwater environments depend on various physical, chemical, and biological factors. The action of volcanism modifies the limnological parameters in the process of fossilization of lacustrine deposits. This study identifies spinicaudatan assemblages in two Triassic lake systems in Argentina, and analyzes the dynamics of shell preservation according to the volcanic activity involved. Two taphonomic grades divided into three different second taphonomic grades were defined. The focus on taphonomic and chemistry studies addresses changes in spinicaudata abundance and richness through time, in different paleoenvironmental conditions, and shell preservation and chemical composition. The discussion highlights the importance of lava flow inflow and volcanic ash fall in the different lake systems. We emphasize the importance of taphonomic studies on the spinicaudata groups to understand their autochthonous and allochthonous populations in Triassic lake systems. In turn, we conclude that the post mortem processes experienced by the shells, the exposure time at the water-sediment interface, and the chemical alteration of the water into the paleolakes produced by the surrounding volcanic activity can explain the development and preservation of spinicaudata in these two Triassic lacustrine systems.

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Comprehensive survey of Early to Middle Triassic Gondwanan floras reveals under-representation of plant–arthropod interactions

Turner,

McLoughlin,

Mays

2024

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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Plants and arthropods are primary drivers of terrestrial ecosystem function. Trace fossils of plant–arthropod interactions (PAIs) provide a unique window into assessing terrestrial ecosystem states through geological time and evaluating changes in herbivorous arthropod feeding guilds in the wake of global biotic crises. The end-Permian event (EPE; c. 252 Ma) resulted in the loss of keystone plant species from humid tropical and high-latitude ecosystems and the extinction of several major insect groups. The subsequent Early to Middle Triassic evinced diminished terrestrial productivity, punctuated by a series of second-order biotic crises that hindered recovery. Here, we survey records of Gondwanan Early to Middle Triassic floral assemblages for evidence of PAIs as an indication of ecosystem recovery following the EPE. We compiled a comprehensive dataset of fossil plant taxa and PAIs for lower Mesozoic strata of Gondwana, revealing an increase in specific and generic floral diversity from the Early to Middle Triassic. We noted a lack of PAIs reported from many localities with abundant fossil leaves, which might be interpreted to be a consequence of a post-EPE delay in the recovery of arthropod feeding guilds compared to the flora. However, by comparing floral assemblages between regions of Gondwana, our results also partly attribute the absence of PAIs to the relative paucity of palaeoichnological and palaeobotanical studies of this interval. To test for potential under-reporting of PAIs in the Triassic, we present a case study of the well-described Australian Middle Triassic Benolong Flora. In contrast to existing Australian Early to Middle Triassic PAI reports on only three plant specimens, this systematic investigation revealed 44 PAI traces comparable to published examples, hosted by 40 fossil plant fragments (7.77% of fragments assessed; N = 591). Margin-feeding traces constituted the dominant Functional Feeding Group (FFG) identified (23 examples: 3.72% of fragments assessed). Our review highlights several Early and Middle Triassic Gondwanan plant fossil-rich successions and existing collections that require further examination. We predict that investigations of these assemblages will greatly elucidate the relationships between rapidly changing environments during the Early and Middle Triassic and their effects on the plant and arthropod communities in the Southern Hemisphere.

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Radiation of Flora in the Early Triassic Succeeding the End Permian Crisis: Evidences from the Gondwana Supergroup of Peninsular India

Cited by 3 publications

References 61 publications

An assumption of the past climate and environment in millennial and centennial scale

An assumption of the past climate and environment in millennial and centennial scale

Taphonomic analysis of Spinicaudata from two Triassic lacustrine systems affected by different volcanic processes

Comprehensive survey of Early to Middle Triassic Gondwanan floras reveals under-representation of plant–arthropod interactions

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