Non-cytotoxic
upconversion nanocrystals are preferred candidates
because they offer exceptional advantages for numerous applications,
ranging from optical thermometry to bioimaging/biomedical applications.
In this report, we demonstrate the luminescence characteristics and
practical utility of a multifunctional upconversion nanophosphor based
on Yb3+/Er3+:La2(WO4)3 (LWO) flakes. Strong upconversion green emission was observed
from 6-mol % Er3+-doped LWO nanophosphor flakes excited
by a 980 nm laser. We further enhanced the upconversion emission considerably
by co-doping LWO nanophosphors with Yb3+/Er3+ to exploit energy migration from Yb3+ to Er3+ ions. The exceptional improvement in upconversion green and near-infrared
emission was achieved by Yb3+ ion co-doping up to 6 mol
%; beyond 6 mol %, emission intensities remarkably dropped due to
concentration quenching. Photometric parameters were evaluated with
and without Yb3+ ion-doped LWO nanophosphors, which exhibited
a high green color purity of 95.6%, to elucidate their energy transfer
mechanism. In addition, temperature-dependent upconversion emission
trends were evaluated by analyzing the fluorescence intensity ratio,
exhibiting higher temperature sensitivity than that previously reported.
This suggests the applicability of our proposed nanophosphors to optical
thermometry. As for bioimaging applications, the non-cytotoxicity
of the optimized nanophosphor was confirmed based on distinct fluorescence
images of a normal fibroblast cell line (L929). Furthermore, we demonstrated
the strong cytotoxicity of nanophosphors against human colon cancer
(HCT-116) cells. Based on the results, non-cytotoxic Yb3+(6 mol %)/Er3+ (6 mol %):LWO upconversion nanophosphor
flakes are expected to be exceptional candidates owing to their extensive
suitability to the fields of upconversion lasers, optical thermometry,
and biomedical and anticancer applications. The results indicate the
potential of upconversion materials in the effective execution of
multiple strategic applications.