“…Most security schemes deploy biometrics, such as the real-time face detection-based approach (Kuang & Baul, 2020;Mady & Hilles, 2017;Srivastava et al, 2020;Shrestha et al, 2018;Kumar et al, 2020;Yusof et al, 2018) and fingerprints (Thejaswini et al, 2021;Hasan et al, 2020). Moreover, a number of studies have suggested hardware-based authentications as something you have such as RFID (Putrada & Abdurohman, 2020;Maramis & Rompas, 2018), Near-Field Communication (NFC) (Oo et al, 2018), and wireless sensor networks (Alassery, 2019), while location-based services for area restrictions have been used to track employees (Fatkharrofiqi et al, 2020) and students (Ding, Cao & Zhu, 2018). In terms of multi-factor attendance systems, a two-factor system using RFID and face identification has been implemented for employees (Kurniawan & Zaky, 2020).…”