We investigated the dielectric properties of fish flesh samples, which are the most important parameter in microwave heating. Both raw and preheated samples were investigated since the microwave is used not only for heating, but also for reheating. The dielectric properties of three kinds of fish commonly consumed in Japan were measured from 10℃ to 90℃, at 10℃ intervals. The influences of frequency, temperature, moisture content, lipid content, protein denaturation, and heat treatment on dielectric properties were examined. With increasing temperature, the dielectric constant of the raw samples decreased more sharply than that of the preheated samples, which was due to moisture loss during heating caused by protein denaturation. To investigate the influence of protein denaturation, Lichtenecker's formula was applied to estimate the dielectric properties of solid fish flesh. Results showed that the dielectric properties of fish flesh related to temperature were predictable by regression equations. Moisture content was the most important factor influencing the dielectric properties of the fish flesh samples during heating (reheating), while no significant effect was found to be directly caused by changes in the protein structure of fish flesh after denaturation.Keywords: microwave heating, dielectric properties, dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor, protein denaturation, lichtenecker's formula *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: sakai@kaiyodai.ac.jp
IntroductionWith the development of heating technologies for food processing, microwave (MW) heating has increasingly been employed for both cooking and reheating due to its great speed and convenience (Mara et al., 2008). MW heating is described by Maxwell's equations, and the dielectric properties are the most important physical properties associated with MW heating from an engineering viewpoint (Icier and Baysal, 2004;Sosa-Morales et al., 2010). Dielectric properties determine the interaction of electromagnetic energy with the materials (Tanaka et al., 2008), and provide a better understanding on the behavior of MW heating (Mudgett, 1994;Ahmed et al., 2007b) in a selected frequency range. The dielectric constant (εʹ) and dielectric loss factor (εʺ) determine the heat generation and change in response to the ingredients and temperature of the food when heated by MW . εʹ and εʺ represent the real and imaginary units, respectively. Complex relative dielectric properties are de-