Radio Propagation Models Based on Machine Learning Using Geometric Parameters for a Mixed City-River Path

Abstract

This work presents and evaluates the use of geometric parameters of the environment in the prediction of the electric field in mixed city-river type environments, employing two techniques of Machine Learning (ML) as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Neuro-Fuzzy System (NFS). For its development, measurements were carried out in Amazon Region, Belém city, in the 521 MHz band. The input parameters for an ANN and NFS are the distance between transmitter and receiver, the distance only over the river, the height of the ground, the radius of the first Fresnel ellipsoid, and the electric field of free space. The ANN is a Multilayer Perceptron Network (MLP) that uses the Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm and cross-validation method. The NFS is an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) that uses the model Sugeno. The results obtained compared with the classic literature models (ITU-R 1546 and Okumura-Hata) in the city for distances up 20 km and over the river for distances up 5 km. A quantitative analysis is performed between the measured and predicted data through the Standard deviation (SD), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and the Grey Relational Grade, combined with the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (GRG-MAPE). For ANN, the SD is 2.13, the RMSE is 2.11 dB, and the GRG-MAPE is 0.96. Also, for the NFS, the SD is 1.99, the RMSE is 2.06 dB, and the GRG-MAPE is 0.97. It should be noted that the transition zone between the city and the river was characterized by the proposed ANN and NFS in contrast with the classic literature models, which did not demonstrate coherence in the transition zone.INDEX TERMS Artificial neural networks, geometric parameters, neuro-fuzzy systems, mixed city-river path, radio propagation model.

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