Radio Wave Scattering in the Ionosphere

Bowles, Kenneth L.

doi:10.1016/s0065-2539(08)60845-8

Cited by 28 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 250 publications

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“…It is well known that reflections from mid-Curves in Figure 6 latitude sporadic E are n. ot always specular. Very sophisticated theoretical approaches to the scattering problem are now available [see Bowles, 1964;Tao, 1962;Tatarski, 1961;Chernov, 1960]. An application of these theories to the problem of scattering from midiarttude E• is beyond the scope of this paper.…”

Section: Table 1 Blanketing and 'Cutoff' Frequencies Scattering Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical significance of theE_sparameters ƒ_bE_s, ƒE_s, and ƒ_oE_s: 2. Causes of partial reflections fromE_s

Reddy¹

1968

J. Geophys. Res.

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Adoption of the light-limitation method for preventing reservoir eutrophication requires an efficient destratification system. Here, bubble plume system was discussed. The stratification is destroyed with the evolution of the intermediate layer, which is bounded from the upper and the lower layers by fronts. Most efficient destratification is achieved with the equivalent plume number of 1300. The upper front density gap is parameterized with the bubbling rate, the depth and intensity of the initial ther-mocline. For the light limitation method, the bubbling rate should be large enough to make it small. For the hypolimnetic aeration, on the other hand, the bubbling is to be weak as to keep it large.

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Section: Table 1 Blanketing and 'Cutoff' Frequencies Scattering Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical significance of theE_sparameters ƒ_bE_s, ƒE_s, and ƒ_oE_s: 2. Causes of partial reflections fromE_s

Reddy¹

1968

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…Radio wave scattering in the range HF-UHF from naturally occurring field-aligned irregularities in the ionosphere has been studied extensively for a number of years. An excellent review on the subject has been given by Bowles [ 1964]. Much of the theoretical work on the field-aligned scattering owes its development to auroral radar observations made at VHF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

a model for RF scattering from field‐aligned heater‐induced irregularities

Rao¹,

Thome²

1974

Radio Science

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The paper presents a model for radio wave scattering from the ionospheric irregularities generated by the intense radio wave transmissions from the Platteville heater. The model is based upon the HF‐UHF radar backscatter observations for a physical description of the scattering medium and upon the theory of weak scattering (Born approximation) from anisotropic irregularities for mathematical development. According to the model, the electron density fluctuations responsible for radio wave scattering having an rms value of 1 to 1.5% are aligned along the earth's magnetic field and are distributed in a diffuse pancake‐shaped volume of 15 km gaussian thickness vertically and of the size of the heater beam which is 100 km in gaussian diameter horizontally. At radio frequencies the irregularities within the disturbed volume are highly aspect sensitive and consequently only those scatterers which lie on the surface of specularity where a radar views transverse to the magnetic field count in contributing to the received signal. Model computations have been made of the scattering cross sections for monostatic as well as bistatic radar configurations and they are found to be in good agreement with the observations. The radar cross section at a given frequency for bistatic geometry is substantially greater than that for monostatic geometry, all else being equal. Finally, it is shown that the width of the scatter‐illuminated bands on the ground is set primarily by the finite dimensions of the scattering volume rather than by the finite aspect sensitivity of the individual scatterers.

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“…For example, Dieminger (1952), Gregory (1956Gregory ( , 1961, Titheridge (1962), Reid (1990), Jones et al (2004), and Hall et al (2006) discuss this for MF and HF, Bailey et al (1955) and Pineo (1956) for very high frequency (VHF; 30 to 300 MHz) forward scatter results, Bowles et al (1964) for both vertical and forward scatter VHF results, and Flock and Balsley (1967) for vertical incidence VHF results. At MF/HF, such preferred heights are subject to seasonal and annual variations, but persistent echoes occur from mean heights of about 65-68, 74-75, 83-85, and 92 km.…”

Section: Brief Historical Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

MF and HF radar techniques for investigating the dynamics and structure of the 50 to 110 km height region: a review

Reid

2015

Prog. in Earth and Planet. Sci.

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The application of medium-frequency (MF) and high-frequency (HF) partial reflection radar to investigate the neutral upper atmosphere is one of the oldest such techniques still regularly in use. The techniques have been continuously improved and remain a robust and reliable method of obtaining wind velocities, turbulence intensities, electron densities, and measurements of atmospheric structure in the mesosphere lower thermosphere (MLT) region (50 to 110 km). In this paper, we review recent developments, discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the technique, and consider possible improvements.

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Radio Wave Scattering in the Ionosphere

Cited by 28 publications

References 250 publications

Physical significance of theE_sparameters ƒ_bE_s, ƒE_s, and ƒ_oE_s: 2. Causes of partial reflections fromE_s

Physical significance of theE_sparameters ƒ_bE_s, ƒE_s, and ƒ_oE_s: 2. Causes of partial reflections fromE_s

a model for RF scattering from field‐aligned heater‐induced irregularities

MF and HF radar techniques for investigating the dynamics and structure of the 50 to 110 km height region: a review

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Radio Wave Scattering in the Ionosphere

Cited by 28 publications

References 250 publications

Physical significance of theEsparameters ƒbEs, ƒEs, and ƒoEs: 2. Causes of partial reflections fromEs

Physical significance of theEsparameters ƒbEs, ƒEs, and ƒoEs: 2. Causes of partial reflections fromEs

a model for RF scattering from field‐aligned heater‐induced irregularities

MF and HF radar techniques for investigating the dynamics and structure of the 50 to 110 km height region: a review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Physical significance of theE_sparameters ƒ_bE_s, ƒE_s, and ƒ_oE_s: 2. Causes of partial reflections fromE_s

Physical significance of theE_sparameters ƒ_bE_s, ƒE_s, and ƒ_oE_s: 2. Causes of partial reflections fromE_s