Radiocarbon observations in atmospheric CO2: Determining fossil fuel CO2 over Europe using Jungfraujoch observations as background

Levin, Ingeborg; Hammer, Samuel; Kromer, Bernd; Meinhardt, F.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.019

Cited by 215 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This matched the extrapolated atmospheric F m of 1.0477 in 2008. 26,29 For the same subjects, the measured F m (1.0320) of plasma was similar to the atmospheric 14 C level (1.0363 F m ) in 2010. In contrast, the measured F m (1.0597) of RBC was matched to the mean atmospheric 14 C level (1.0599 F m ) measured in 2006.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 59%

“…19 The atmospheric 14 C level in Y 2009 was extrapolated to 1.0420 F m with a linear regression fit, when the present study truncated the dataset to include only Y 1991 to 2006. 26,29 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The bomb curve (insert) was adopted from data of Levin and Kromer (2004) 29 and Levin et al (2008). 26 The enlarged bomb curve shows the 14 C level in atmosphere from Y 1991 to 2006. The atmospheric 14 C level was extrapolated up to the Y 2010 with a linear regression fit.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbon Isotopes Profiles of Human Whole Blood, Plasma, Red Blood Cells, Urine and Feces for Biological/Biomedical ¹⁴C-Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Applications

et al. 2011

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Radiocarbon (14C) is an ideal tracer for in vivo human ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination) and PBPK (physiological-based pharmacokinetic) studies. Living plants preferentially incorporate atmospheric 14CO2, vs 13CO2, vs 12CO2, which result in unique signature. Furthermore, plants and the food chains they support also have unique carbon isotope signatures. Humans, at the top of the food chain, consequently acquire isotopic concentrations in the tissues and body fluids depending on their dietary habits. In preparation of ADME and PBPK studies, 12 healthy subjects were recruited. The human baseline (specific to each individual and their diet) total carbon (TC) and carbon isotope 13C (δ13C) and 14C (Fm) were quantified in whole blood (WB), plasma, washed red blood cell (RBC), urine, and feces. TC (mg of C/100μL) in WB, plasma, RBC, urine, and feces were 11.0, 4.37, 7.57, 0.53, and 1.90, respectively. TC in WB, RBC, and feces was higher in men over women, P < 0.05. Mean δ13C were ranked low to high as follows, feces < WB = plasma = RBC = urine, P < 0.0001. δ13C was not affected by gender. Our analytic method shifted δ13C by only ± 1.0 ‰ ensuring our Fm measurements were accurate and precise. Mean Fm were ranked low to high as follows, plasma = urine < WB = RBC = feces, P < 0.05. Fm in feces was higher for men over women, P < 0.05. Only in WB, 14C levels (Fm) and TC were correlated with one another (r = 0.746, P < 0.01). Considering the lag time to incorporate atmospheric 14C into plant foods (vegetarian) and or then into animal foods (non-vegetarian), the measured Fm of WB in our population (recruited April 2009) was 1.0468 ± 0.0022 (mean±SD), the Fm of WB matched the (extrapolated) atmospheric Fm of 1.0477 in 2008. This study is important in presenting a procedure to determine a baseline for a study group for human ADME and PBPK studies using 14C as a tracer.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 59%

“…19 The atmospheric 14 C level in Y 2009 was extrapolated to 1.0420 F m with a linear regression fit, when the present study truncated the dataset to include only Y 1991 to 2006. 26,29 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbon Isotopes Profiles of Human Whole Blood, Plasma, Red Blood Cells, Urine and Feces for Biological/Biomedical ¹⁴C-Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Applications

et al. 2011

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“…This ' 14 C bomb peak' (Fig. 2) is commonly found in most carbon reservoirs around the globe (Reimer et al, 2004;Levin et al, 2008;Hua et al, 2013), it provides a high-resolution chronometer for current scientific use, and owing to a relatively long half-life (5730 a) it will in general be detectable as a 'spike' for 50 000 years into the future.…”

Section: Gssp Versus Gssa and Precise Placement Of Boundarymentioning

confidence: 98%

When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal

Zalasiewicz

Waters

Williams

et al. 2015

Quaternary International

602

326

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We evaluate the boundary of the Anthropocene geological time interval as an epoch, since it is useful to have a consistent temporal definition for this increasingly used unit, whether the presently informal term is eventually formalized or not. Of the three main levels suggested - an 'early Anthropocene' level some thousands of years ago; the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at similar to 1800 CE (Common Era); and the 'Great Acceleration' of the mid-twentieth century - current evidence suggests that the last of these has the most pronounced and globally synchronous signal. A boundary at this time need not have a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP or 'golden spike') but can be defined by a Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA), i.e. a point in time of the human calendar. We propose an appropriate boundary level here to be the time of the world's first nuclear bomb explosion, on July 16th 1945 at Alamogordo, New Mexico; additional bombs were detonated at the average rate of one every 9.6 days until 1988 with attendant worldwide fallout easily identifiable in the chemostratigraphic record. Hence, Anthropocene deposits would be those that may include the globally distributed primary artificial radionuclide signal, while also being recognized using a wide range of other stratigraphic criteria. This suggestion for the Holocene-Anthropocene boundary may ultimately be superseded, as the Anthropocene is only in its early phases, but it should remain practical and effective for use by at least the current generation of scientists. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA

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“…For construction of the curve, the data from Levin and Kromer (2004) and Levin et al (2008) were used. Since these curves extend up to 2006 and the last part of the curve from 2006 to the present was extrapolated, Table 2 shows also the calibrated ages obtained by using the data sets of Levin and Kromer (2004) and Levin et al (2008) and the CALIBomb software with a smoothing of 1.0 yr and a resolution of 0.2 yr. Only the date ranges corresponding to the descending part of the curve have been reported. For sample S1 (hair), the value falls beyond the age limit of the data sets used.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining 14C Content in Different Human Tissues: Implications for Application of 14C Bomb-Spike Dating in Forensic Medicine

Calcagnile

2013

azu_js_rc

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ABSTRACT. Various samples extracted from human tissues (with different radiocarbon turnover rates) of a post-bomb human body were submitted to accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14 C dating: hair; a cortical fraction of a skull bone; a trabecular fraction of a pubic symphysis; and enamel extracted from permanent teeth with different dates of formation were analyzed. The analyzed samples showed varying 14 C concentrations corresponding to different times of formation or different turnover rates. The implications of the results in forensics studies are discussed.

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Radiocarbon observations in atmospheric CO2: Determining fossil fuel CO2 over Europe using Jungfraujoch observations as background

Cited by 215 publications

References 15 publications

Carbon Isotopes Profiles of Human Whole Blood, Plasma, Red Blood Cells, Urine and Feces for Biological/Biomedical ¹⁴C-Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Applications

Carbon Isotopes Profiles of Human Whole Blood, Plasma, Red Blood Cells, Urine and Feces for Biological/Biomedical ¹⁴C-Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Applications

When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal

Determining 14C Content in Different Human Tissues: Implications for Application of 14C Bomb-Spike Dating in Forensic Medicine

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Radiocarbon observations in atmospheric CO2: Determining fossil fuel CO2 over Europe using Jungfraujoch observations as background

Cited by 215 publications

References 15 publications

Carbon Isotopes Profiles of Human Whole Blood, Plasma, Red Blood Cells, Urine and Feces for Biological/Biomedical 14C-Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Applications

Carbon Isotopes Profiles of Human Whole Blood, Plasma, Red Blood Cells, Urine and Feces for Biological/Biomedical 14C-Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Applications

When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal

Determining 14C Content in Different Human Tissues: Implications for Application of 14C Bomb-Spike Dating in Forensic Medicine

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Carbon Isotopes Profiles of Human Whole Blood, Plasma, Red Blood Cells, Urine and Feces for Biological/Biomedical ¹⁴C-Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Applications

Carbon Isotopes Profiles of Human Whole Blood, Plasma, Red Blood Cells, Urine and Feces for Biological/Biomedical ¹⁴C-Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Applications