Background
While systems of 3-D image-guided surgery (IGS) are a valuable adjunct across numerous procedures, differences in organ shape between that reflected in the preoperative image data and the intraoperative state can compromise the fidelity of such guidance based on the image. In this work, we assessed in real time a novel, 3-D IGS platform that incorporates soft tissue deformation i.
Methods
A series of 125 alignment evaluations were performed across 20 patients. During the operation, the surgeon assessed the liver by swabbing an optically tracked stylus over the liver surface and viewing the IGS display. Each patient had approximately 6 intraoperative comparative evaluations. For each assessment, one of only two types of alignments were considered - conventional rigid and novel deformable. The series of alignment types used was randomized and blinded to the surgeon. The surgeon provided a rating, R, from −3 to +3 for each display as compared to the previous display, whereby a negative rating indicated degradation in fidelity and a positive rating an improvement.
Results
A statistical analysis of the series of rating data by the clinician indicated that the surgeons were able to perceive an improvement (defined as a R > 1) of the model-based registration over the rigid registration (p = 0.01) as well as a degradation (defined as R < −1) when the rigid registration was compared with the novel deformable guidance information(p = 0.03).
Conclusions
This study provides evidence of the benefit of deformation correction in providing an accurate location for the liver for use in IGS systems.