Radiography and ultrasonography of pneumatosis intestinalis in a cat

Walczak, Raelyn; Paek, Matthew; Suran, Jantra N.; Amory, Joseph T.; Specchi, Swan; Sánchez, Melissa D.

doi:10.1111/vru.12635

Cited by 12 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In fact, hepatic portal venous gas was self‐limited in most cases and linked to a variety of abdominal diseases, including non‐life‐threatening conditions. Hepatic portal venous gas was recently reported in two cats with pneumatosis intestinalis due to bowel infection, and in two dogs and one cat with emphysematous gastritis, which generally carried a poor prognosis . In the present study, one case of hepatic portal venous gas was concomitant with gastric pneumatosis in a dog with acute pancreatitis and severe systemic abnormalities, such as lethargy, pyrexia, leukocytosis, and hypoalbuminemia, but was transient with a good prognosis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

“…Hepatic portal venous gas was recently reported in two cats with pneumatosis intestinalis due to bowel infection, and in two dogs and one cat with emphysematous gastritis, which generally carried a poor prognosis. 9,10,30 In the present study, one case of hepatic portal venous gas was concomitant with gastric pneumatosis in a dog with acute pancreatitis and severe systemic abnormalities, such as lethargy, pyrexia, leukocytosis, and hypoalbuminemia, but was transient with a good prognosis. Transient hepatic portal venous gas cases have been described in the literature in two dogs with a favorable outcome, 8,10 two dogs with poor outcomes, 9,10 a cat with poor outcome 10 A limitation of this study was the lack of a comparison between the outcome of patients that had a similar diagnosis with and without hepatic emphysema, due to the rarity of this pathological condition.…”

Section: F I G U R Esupporting

confidence: 50%

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Ultrasonographic differentiation between portal venous and parenchymal gas may be important for the prognosis of canine and feline hepatic emphysema: 37 cases

Manfredi

Fabbi

Bonazzi

et al. 2019

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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The aim of this retrospective, cross‐sectional, study was to evaluate clinical findings and outcomes for different ultrasonographic patterns of hepatic emphysema in dogs and cats. Dogs and cats with an ultrasonographic diagnosis of hepatic emphysema and a known outcome, from January 2010 to January 2018, were enrolled. The following data were recorded from medical and ultrasonographic records: ultrasonographic patterns of hepatic emphysema (parenchymal, portal venous, biliary), clinical signs, laboratory findings, and outcomes (favorable, poor). A total of 33 dogs and four cats met the inclusion criteria. Among these, 23 cases were classified as hepatic portal venous gas, 10 as parenchymal emphysema, and four as biliary emphysema. Clinical diagnosis categories were as follows: infection/sepsis (9), gastro‐intestinal disease (9), iatrogenic (9), trauma (5), and liver neoplasia (5). An increase in serum liver enzymes was significantly associated with parenchymal emphysema (P = .03). Other clinical and laboratory findings were not associated with the type of hepatic emphysema. Hepatic portal venous gas was mostly transient in patients with ultrasonographic follow‐up. The overall mortality was 40.5%. A significant difference was found between mortality by portal venous gas (21.7%) and mortality by parenchymal emphysema (90%) (P = .003). In conclusion, the ultrasonographic differentiation of hepatic emphysema between hepatic portal venous gas and parenchymal emphysema may be important for the prognosis of hepatic emphysema. The presence of parenchymal emphysema may be a poor prognostic indicator, while hepatic portal venous gas may be more benign. However, ultrasound findings should be carefully evaluated in the context of clinical findings.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: F I G U R Esupporting

confidence: 50%

Ultrasonographic differentiation between portal venous and parenchymal gas may be important for the prognosis of canine and feline hepatic emphysema: 37 cases

Manfredi

Fabbi

Bonazzi

et al. 2019

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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“…91–94 The final diagnosis in one cat was severe multifocal necrotising haemorrhagic enterotyphlocolitis secondary to Clostridium difficile toxicity. 94 In another of the cats, gastric wall necrosis and ulceration allowing the entry of gas-producing bacteria was suspected to be the cause of the gastric pneumatosis 91 and, similarly in a third cat, gastric ulceration was suspected to be the underlying cause. 92 In the final case, although Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli (both of which have the potential to result in emphysematous disease) were cultured from the bowel wall, specimens were collected post mortem and so it was not possible to confirm that these were the cause of the intestinal pneumatosis.…”

Section: Uncommon Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline abdominal ultrasonography: What’s normal? What’s abnormal? The diseased gastrointestinal tract

Griffin

2019

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Practical relevance: Abdominal ultrasound plays a vital role in the diagnostic work-up of many cats presenting to general and specialist practitioners. B-mode ultrasonography is likely the most widely used modality for imaging the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in cats and it can help in the diagnosis of GI masses, foreign bodies and disorders of the ileocaecocolic junction. Clinical challenges: Despite ultrasonography being a commonly used modality, many practitioners are not comfortable performing an ultrasound examination or interpreting the resulting images. Even differentiating between normal variations and pathological changes can be challenging for all but the most experienced. For example, while for inflammatory conditions of the feline GI tract changes are frequently identified on ultrasound, there may occasionally be no changes to the appearance of the intestine; hence a ‘normal’ ultrasound does not exclude the possibility of inflammatory disease. Aim: This review, part of an occasional series on feline abdominal ultrasonography, describes the appearance of a range of conditions that affect the feline GI tract; the normal GI tract is addressed in an accompanying article in this issue of JFMS. Aimed at general practitioners who wish to improve their knowledge and confidence in feline abdominal ultrasound, this review is accompanied by high-resolution images and videos available online as supplementary material. Equipment: Ultrasound facilities are readily available to most practitioners, although use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool is highly dependent on operator experience. Evidence base: Information provided in this article is drawn from the published literature and the author’s own clinical experience.

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“…In addition, in the dysbiotic state, dogs tend to show symptoms associated with overgrowth of other cohabitating intestinal bacteria instead of a C. difficile toxin-mediated pathology ( 40 ). One case report indicates that cats may present with acute clinical signs of vomiting from CDI ( 41 ). Other reported clinical manifestations in cats included gas distension of the small intestines and necrotizing hemorrhagic enterotyphlocolitis ( 41 ).…”

Section: Difficile Colonization In Dogs and Catsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One case report indicates that cats may present with acute clinical signs of vomiting from CDI ( 41 ). Other reported clinical manifestations in cats included gas distension of the small intestines and necrotizing hemorrhagic enterotyphlocolitis ( 41 ).…”

Section: Difficile Colonization In Dogs and Catsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, Colonization, Epidemiology, and Public Health Significance of Clostridioides difficile in Companion Animals

et al. 2020

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Clostridioides difficile , previously Clostrdium difficile , is a major cause of antibiotic-associated enteric disease in humans in hospital settings. Increased incidence of C. difficile infection (CDI) in community settings raises concerns over an alternative source of CDI for humans. The detection of genetically similar and toxigenic C. difficile isolates in companion animals, including asymptomatic pets, suggests the potential role of household pets as a source of community-associated CDI. The close association between companion animals and humans, in addition to the use of similar antibiotics in both species, could provide a selective advantage for the emergence of new C. difficile strains and thus increase the incidental transmission of CDI to humans. Therefore, screening household pets for C. difficile is becoming increasingly important from a public health standpoint and may become a part of routine testing in the future, for the benefit of susceptible or infected individuals within a household. In this review, we analyze available information on prevalence, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and molecular genetics of C. difficile infection, focusing on companion animals and evaluate the risk of pet-borne transmission of CDI as an emerging public health concern. Molecular epidemiological characterization of companion animal C. difficile strains could provide further insights into the interspecies transmission of CDI. The mosaic nature of C. difficile genomes and their susceptibility to horizontal gene transfer may facilitate the inter-mixing of genetic material, which could increase the possibility of the emergence of new community-associated CDI strains. However, detailed genome-wide characterization and comparative genome analysis are warranted to confirm this hypothesis.

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Radiography and ultrasonography of pneumatosis intestinalis in a cat

Cited by 12 publications

References 31 publications

Ultrasonographic differentiation between portal venous and parenchymal gas may be important for the prognosis of canine and feline hepatic emphysema: 37 cases

Ultrasonographic differentiation between portal venous and parenchymal gas may be important for the prognosis of canine and feline hepatic emphysema: 37 cases

Feline abdominal ultrasonography: What’s normal? What’s abnormal? The diseased gastrointestinal tract

Prevalence, Colonization, Epidemiology, and Public Health Significance of Clostridioides difficile in Companion Animals

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