Radiological Characteristics of Materials Used in 3-Dimensional Printing with Various Infill Densities

Park, So‐Yeon; Choi, Nam Kyong; Choi, Byeong Geol; Lee, Dong Myung; Jang, Na Young

doi:10.14316/pmp.2019.30.4.155

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…While previously described as low, the samples with 0 • print orientation may have more air gaps inside them and less density which has resulted in reducing the surface dose, as noted in previous studies examining the internal geometry of samples through different print processes. 4,23,24 However, compared to the parts produced by SLS, the MJF printed parts have higher density and lower porosity. 26 It is important to note that immobilization devices, including facemasks, have complex structures which cannot be constrained to a specific print orientation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a general trend, this study identified that surface dose increased as material thickness increased, similar to previous studies that found increases in surface dose as the density of material increased. 4 , 23 , 24 For an immobilization device, this may suggest using the lowest printable thickness is ideal. However, this would ignore the impact material thickness plays on the mechanical strength of a part, which is critical when used to restrict patient movement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multi‐jet fusion for additive manufacturing of radiotherapy immobilization devices: Effects of color, thickness, and orientation on surface dose and tensile strength

Asfia

Deepak

Novak

et al. 2022

J Applied Clin Med Phys

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Immobilization devices are used to obtain reproducible patient setup during radiotherapy treatment, improving accuracy, and reducing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Additive manufacturing is emerging as a viable method for manufacturing and personalizing such devices. The goal of this study was to investigate the dosimetric and mechanical properties of a recent additive technology called multi‐jet fusion (MJF) for radiotherapy applications, including the ability for this process to produce full color parts. Skin dose testing included 50 samples with dimensions 100 mm × 100 mm with five different thicknesses (1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, and 5 mm) and grouped into colored (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK) additives) and non‐colored (white) samples. Results using a 6 MV beam found that surface dose readings were predominantly independent of the colored additives. However, for an 18 MV beam, the additives affected the surface dose, with black recording significantly lower surface dose readings compare to other colors. The accompanying tensile testing of 175 samples designed to ASTM D638 type I standards found that the black agent resulted in the lowest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) for each thickness of 1–5 mm. It was also found that the print orientation had influence on the skin dose and mechanical properties of the samples. When all data were combined and analyzed using a multiple‐criteria decision‐making technique, magenta was found to offer the best balance between high UTS and low surface dose across different thicknesses and orientations, making it an optimal choice for immobilization devices. This is the first study to consider the use of color MJF for radiotherapy immobilization devices, and suggests that color additives can affect both dosimetry and mechanical performance. This is important as industrial additive technologies like MJF become increasingly adopted in the health and medical sectors.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Multi‐jet fusion for additive manufacturing of radiotherapy immobilization devices: Effects of color, thickness, and orientation on surface dose and tensile strength

Asfia

Deepak

Novak

et al. 2022

J Applied Clin Med Phys

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“…It is already well established in the literature by numerous studies regarding PLA and their capabilities to produce a good approximation of soft‐tissue densities 27,28,30–34 . This also applies to ABS material shown by various studies to emulate lung‐tissue densities by controlling its infill percentage with grid structures to vary its volume density 29,34,35 . However, previous work 21 has shown that standard infill grid structures produce inconsistent HU values when scanned at different specimen orientations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…27,28,[30][31][32][33][34] This also applies to ABS material shown by various studies to emulate lung-tissue densities by controlling its infill percentage with grid structures to vary its volume density. 29,34,35 However, previous work 21 has shown that standard infill grid structures produce inconsistent HU values when scanned at different specimen orientations. Here, controlling the periodicity and wall thickness of gyroid structures can accurately emulate lungtissue densities and its isotropicity in CT imaging, thus providing sufficient approximation of lung-tissue densities for radiotherapy applications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A customizable anthropomorphic phantom for dosimetric verification of 3D‐printed lung, tissue, and bone density materials

et al. 2021

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To design and manufacture a customized thoracic phantom slab utilizing the 3D printing process, also known as additive manufacturing, consisting of different tissue density materials. Here, we demonstrate the 3D-printed phantom's clinical feasibility for imaging and dosimetric verification of volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy (VMAT) plans for lung and spine stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) through end-to-end dosimetric verification. Methods: A customizable anthropomorphic phantom slab was designed using the CT dataset of a commercial phantom (adult female ATOM dosimetry phantom, CIRS Inc.). Material extrusion 3D printing was utilized to manufacture the phantom slab consisting of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene material for the lung and the associated lesion, polylactic acid (PLA) material for soft tissue and spinal cord, and both PLA and iron-reinforced PLA materials for bone. CT images were acquired for both the commercial phantom and 3D-printed phantom for HU comparison. VMAT plans were generated for spine and lung SABR scenarios and were delivered as per departmental SABR protocols using a Varian TrueBeam STx linear accelerator. End-to-end dosimetry was implemented with radiochromic films, analyzed with gamma criteria of 5% dose difference, and a distance-to-agreement of 1 mm, at a 10% low-dose threshold by comparing with calculated dose using the Acuros algorithm of the Eclipse treatment planning system (v15.6). Results: 3D-printed phantom inserts were observed to produce HU ranging from -750 to 2100. The 3D-printed phantom slab was observed to achieve a similar range of HU from the commercial phantom including a mean HU of -760 for lung tissue, a mean HU of 50 for soft tissue, and a mean HU of 220 and 630 for low-and high-density bone,respectively.Film dosimetry results show 2Dgamma passing rates for lung SABR (internal and superior) and spine SABR (inferior and superior) over 98% and 90%, respectively. Conclusions: The end-to-end testing of VMAT plans for spine and lung SABR suggests the clinical feasibility of the 3D-printed phantom, consisting of different tissue density materials that emulate lung, soft tissue, and bone in kV imaging and megavoltage photon dosimetry. Further investigation of the proposed 3D printing techniques for manufacturability and reproducibility will enable the development of clinical 3D-printed phantoms in radiotherapy.

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A quick guide on implementing and quality assuring 3D printing in radiation oncology

Ashenafi,

Jeong,

Wancura

et al. 2023

J Applied Clin Med Phys

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As three‐dimensional (3D) printing becomes increasingly common in radiation oncology, proper implementation, usage, and ongoing quality assurance (QA) are essential. While there have been many reports on various clinical investigations and several review articles, there is a lack of literature on the general considerations of implementing 3D printing in radiation oncology departments, including comprehensive process establishment and proper ongoing QA. This review aims to guide radiation oncology departments in effectively using 3D printing technology for routine clinical applications and future developments. We attempt to provide recommendations on 3D printing equipment, software, workflow, and QA, based on existing literature and our experience. Specifically, we focus on three main applications: patient‐specific bolus, high‐dose‐rate (HDR) surface brachytherapy applicators, and phantoms. Additionally, cost considerations are briefly discussed. This review focuses on point‐of‐care (POC) printing in house, and briefly touches on outsourcing printing via mail‐order services.

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Radiological Characteristics of Materials Used in 3-Dimensional Printing with Various Infill Densities

Cited by 11 publications

References 14 publications

Multi‐jet fusion for additive manufacturing of radiotherapy immobilization devices: Effects of color, thickness, and orientation on surface dose and tensile strength

Multi‐jet fusion for additive manufacturing of radiotherapy immobilization devices: Effects of color, thickness, and orientation on surface dose and tensile strength

A customizable anthropomorphic phantom for dosimetric verification of 3D‐printed lung, tissue, and bone density materials

A quick guide on implementing and quality assuring 3D printing in radiation oncology

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