“…Pre-clinical experiments are needed to verify biocompatibility, biofunctionality, biodegradability, osteointegration, osteoinduction and osteoconduction characteristics of bone substitutes. The dog is an ideal model for evaluating bone repair and testing bone substitutes ( Taha et al, 2010 , Taha et al, 2018 , Mabrouk et al, 2021 , Mostafa et al, 2021 ). In terms of bone size and weight, trabecular bone density, and bone turn over, the dog's macro- and micro-structure is very comparable to human bone, making it an appropriate model in pre-clinical setting ( Abdel Hamid et al, 2020 , Abdel Hamid et al, 2021 , Mostafa et al, 2021 ).…”