Radiological rickets in extremely low birthweight infants

Lyon, Andrew; McIntosh, Neil; Wheeler, Kathryn; Williams, J. E. Ffowcs

doi:10.1007/bf02386596

Cited by 58 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…12 This frequency is much lower than the 50% incidence in this population described before fortification of human milk and the use of preterm high mineral containing formulas were routine. 13 One challenge in identifying the prevalence of rickets is the confusion related to terminology. Rickets is defined by radiographic findings, not by any biochemical findings.…”

Section: Effects Of Preterm Birth On Mineral Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium and Vitamin D Requirements of Enterally Fed Preterm Infants

Abrams¹

2013

Pediatrics

287

257

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Bone health is a critical concern in managing preterm infants. Key nutrients of importance are calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus. Although human milk is critical for the health of preterm infants, it is low in these nutrients relative to the needs of the infants during growth. Strategies should be in place to fortify human milk for preterm infants with birth weight <1800 to 2000 g and to ensure adequate mineral intake during hospitalization and after hospital discharge. Biochemical monitoring of very low birth weight infants should be performed during their hospitalization. Vitamin D should be provided at 200 to 400 IU/day both during hospitalization and after discharge from the hospital. Infants with radiologic evidence of rickets should have efforts made to maximize calcium and phosphorus intake by using available commercial products and, if needed, direct supplementation with these minerals.

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Section: Effects Of Preterm Birth On Mineral Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium and Vitamin D Requirements of Enterally Fed Preterm Infants

Abrams¹

2013

Pediatrics

287

257

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“…Alkaline phosphatase activity is affected by many factors, including normal growth and liver disease. Severe osteopenia has been reported in infants in the presence of a normal AP activity (4,17,18). Regulation of serum calcium and phosphorus by vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin may affect these measures independently of bone mineral status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Mineral Content Reflects Total Body Calcium in Neonatal Miniature Piglets

et al. 1988

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ABSTRACT. We measured bone mineral content (BMC) in 18 neonatal miniature piglets by single photon absorptiometry, total body calcium (TBC) by total body neutron activation analysis, growth, and serum indices of mineral status (calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase activity). Measurements were begun on day 6, when the piglets were weaned, and were continued to day 19. After weaning, the piglets were assigned randomly to receive one of three diets which differed only in their concentrations of calcium and phosphorus: 100% of the recommended level (diet A), 60% (diet B), and 20% (diet C). No differences were observed among groups during the 19-day study, either in weight gain (48 f 2 g/day) or increment in crown-rump length (2.4 f 0.2 cm/wk). BMC correlated significantly ( p < 0.001) with TBC at 6 (r = 0.83), 13 (r = 0.77), and 19 ( r = 0.93) days. BMC correlated significantly ( p < 0.001) with the ash weight (r = 0.87) and calcium content (r = 0.90) of the corresponding tibial bone segment. Anthropometric parameters and serum indices of mineral status did not predict TBC as accurately as did BMC measurements. We observed a range in BMC measurements in this study that was similar to the range reported for infants in the 1st yr of life. The high correlation between BMC and TBC suggested that BMC is useful in the assessment of mineral status in infants. (Pediatr Res 24:693-695, 1988) Abbreviations BMC, bone mineral content TBC, total body calcium Ca, calcium P, phosphorus AP, alkaline phosphatase CR, crown rump VLBW, very low birth weight Because of mineral deficits accumulated during hospitalization, the bones of VLBW infants often fail to mineralize ade-

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“…As a matter of fact, the introduction of a more aggressive supplementation and the routine use of breast milk fortifiers or preterm high mineral containing formulas has led to a dramatic reduction, by the 50% approximately, in the frequency of the MBDP, especially in ELBW newborns [11].…”

Section: Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis And Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Bone Disease of Prematurity: A Review of Minerals Supplementation and Disease Monitoring

Manfredini¹

2015

J Neonatal Biol

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Metabolic bone disease is a frequent condition in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. In order to prevent the disease, the provision of high amount of calcium and phosphate in parenteral nutrition solutions and during transition to the full enteral feedings is crucial. Current practice supports early aggressive mineral supplementation. In this review, we will discuss data from the recent literature regarding the recommendation for supplementation of calcium, phosphate and vitamin D in VLBW infants and the interpretation of indirect markers of bone metabolism for screening, diagnosis and monitoring high risk infants, as well as to guide treatment.

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Radiological rickets in extremely low birthweight infants

Cited by 58 publications

References 16 publications

Calcium and Vitamin D Requirements of Enterally Fed Preterm Infants

Calcium and Vitamin D Requirements of Enterally Fed Preterm Infants

Bone Mineral Content Reflects Total Body Calcium in Neonatal Miniature Piglets

Metabolic Bone Disease of Prematurity: A Review of Minerals Supplementation and Disease Monitoring

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