Radiologically isolated syndrome or subclinical multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus recommendations

Early adaptive immune activation detected in monozygotic twins with prodromal multiple sclerosis

“…The concept of RIS is based on radiological criteria that have changed over time. According to the most recent criteria, the diagnosis of RIS requires at least 1 MRI lesion in at least 2 predefined areas (19,20). As RIS is usually discovered by chance, strict radiological criteria are required in order to distinguish neuroinflammatory MRI changes from those commonly observed in other conditions like migraine or ischemia.…”

Inner retinal layer thinning in radiologically isolated syndrome predicts conversion to multiple sclerosis

“…All individuals with a diagnosis of RIS between 2013 and 2018 in both centers were screened. Individuals with RIS as defined by the MAGNIMS recommendations [2], who gave their written informed consent and who revealed a clinical follow-up period of at least 6 months, were included in the study. The same number of healthy controls (HCs) with similar age and sex were recruited as the control cohort.…”

“…The wide availability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has led to an increase in incidental findings, such as lesions suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS), in individuals without clinical deficits. The diagnosis of radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) can be made in the absence of current or past neurological deficits and other explanatory conditions, if MRI lesions are disseminated in space as supposed in the 2017 revision of the McDonald criteria for the diagnosis of MS (MAGNIMS 2017 criteria) [1,2] or as described by the Barkhof criteria (Okuda criteria) [3,4]. RIS is observed in 0.1% of the general population [5], at higher frequencies in headache patients [6], and in up to 2.9% of relatives of MS patients [7].…”

The importance of follow-up and re-diagnosis of patients with demyelinating syndrome suspicion - a case study of a conversion from radiologically isolated syndrome to clinically definite multiple sclerosis

“…Clinical evidence of neurological dysfunction suggestive of MS based on historical symptoms and/or objective signs; 2.MRI abnormalities explained by any other disease process, with particular attention to aging or vascular-related abnormalities, and those due to exposure to toxins or drugs.). [7] Among individuals with incidentally found lesions in MRI, many of them do not have white matter findings similar to demyelinating lesions in patients with CDMS. Non-specific white matter lesions are much more often than than those fulfilling 2017 MAGNIMS criteria.…”