Radiology of Benign Disorders of Menstruation

Application of ultrasonography in female infertility: a comprehensive review

“…1,55 They are solitary or multifocal lesions that arise from any part of the uterus. The masses that protrude into the endometrial canal, are described as submucous in location and cause infertility by interfering with embryo implantation.…”

“…The masses that protrude into the endometrial canal, are described as submucous in location and cause infertility by interfering with embryo implantation. 48,55,56 TVS demonstrates a focal heterogeneous mass that is hypoechoic to the myometrium and may have acoustic shadowing. 57 …”

“…These lesions are divided into 3 subtypes namely hyperplastic polyps which have glands similar to those seen in endometrial hyperplasia, atrophic polyps, which occur in postmenopausal women and have atrophic cystically dilated glands; and functional polyps which follow the menstrual cycle. 55 TVS and/or sonohysterography are the imaging modalities of choice demonstrating a focal echogenic mass protruding into the endometrial lumen from the endometrium, with an intact endometrial stripe. MRI is used for indeterminate lesions with variable, appearance based on subtype.…”

Endometrial Polyps

“…Transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) is the initial imaging of choice, with MRI reserved for indeterminate cases or where sampling is diffi cult [ 21 ]. On US, endometrial polyps appear as ovoid echogenic masses that project into the endometrial lumen with Doppler US showing a feeding vessel (Figs.…”

“…11.6 ), or submucosal leiomyoma ( Fig. 11.1 ) [ 21 ]. If structural abnormalities are suspected on ultrasound examination, then these abnormalities can be further evaluated by saline infusion sonography or hysteroscopy.…”