Radiology of the neuroendocrine neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract: a comprehensive review

Malla, Sundeep; Kumar, Pawan; Madhusudhan, Kumble Seetharama

doi:10.1007/s00261-020-02773-3

Cited by 22 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Ultrasonography(US) and computed tomography(CT) are still used as elementary modalities in primary diagnosis of GEP-NETs; they allow to depict morphological features of lesions and estimate severity of the disease. Additionally, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications could approach to functional attributes ( 9 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiological Imaging of Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. The Review of Current Literature Emphasizing the Diagnostic Value of Chosen Imaging Methods

et al. 2021

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Despite development of radiologic imaging, detection and follow-up of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) still pose a diagnostic challenge, due to the heterogeneity of NEN, their relatively long-term growth, and small size of primary tumor. A set of information obtained by using different radiological imaging tools simplifies a choice of the most appropriate treatment method. Moreover, radiological imaging plays an important role in the assessment of metastatic lesions, especially in the liver, as well as, tumor response to treatment. This article reviews the current, broadly in use imaging modalities which are applied to the diagnosis of GEP-NETs, (the most common type of NENs) and put emphasis on the strengths and limitations of each modality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiological Imaging of Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. The Review of Current Literature Emphasizing the Diagnostic Value of Chosen Imaging Methods

et al. 2021

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“…Conventional cross-sectional imaging such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are critical diagnostic tools in localizing, characterizing, and staging GEP-NENs[ 9 , 86 ]. MRI is used less commonly than CT due to increased cost, acquisition time, and potential for motion artifact[ 87 ]. Multiphasic CT with intravenous contrast is essential to increase diagnostic yield[ 87 ].…”

Section: Imaging Modalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MRI is used less commonly than CT due to increased cost, acquisition time, and potential for motion artifact[ 87 ]. Multiphasic CT with intravenous contrast is essential to increase diagnostic yield[ 87 ]. NENs are generally hypervascular and show enhancement in the late arterial phase, and NEN metastases are also hypervascular and best visualized in the arterial phase[ 87 ].…”

Section: Imaging Modalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multiphasic CT with intravenous contrast is essential to increase diagnostic yield[ 87 ]. NENs are generally hypervascular and show enhancement in the late arterial phase, and NEN metastases are also hypervascular and best visualized in the arterial phase[ 87 ]. For detection of metastases to the liver, MRI is more sensitive than CT[ 88 , 89 ].…”

Section: Imaging Modalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An update on the diagnosis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Fang¹,

Li²,

Shi³

2022

WJG

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Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) arise from neuroendocrine cells found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and islet cells of the pancreas. The incidence and prevalence of GEP-NENs have been increasing each year due to higher awareness, improved diagnostic modalities, and increased incidental detection on cross-sectional imaging and endoscopy for cancer screening and other conditions and symptoms. GEP-NENs are a heterogeneous group of tumors and have a wide range in clinical presentation, histopathologic features, and molecular biology. Clinical presentation most commonly depends on whether the GEP-NEN secretes an active hormone. The World Health Organization recently updated the classification of GEP-NENs to introduce a distinction between high-grade neuroendocrine tumors and neuroendocrine carcinomas, which can be identified using histology and molecular studies and are more aggressive with a worse prognosis compared to high-grade neuroendocrine tumors. As our understanding of the biology of GEP-NENs has grown, new and improved diagnostic modalities can be developed and optimized. Here, we discuss clinical features and updates in diagnosis, including histopathological analysis, biomarkers, molecular techniques, and radiology of GEP-NENs. We review established diagnostic tests and discuss promising novel diagnostic tests that are currently in development or require further investigation and validation prior to broad utilization in patient care.

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“…11 ). Neuroendocrine neoplasms smaller than 1.0 cm can be treated with resection; however, lymphatic and venous invasion are predictors of metastasis [ 74 ], and salvage surgery is recommended in patients with lymphovascular invasion [ 75 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MRI-detected extramural venous invasion of rectal cancer: Multimodality performance and implications at baseline imaging and after neoadjuvant therapy

et al. 2021

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MRI is routinely used for rectal cancer staging to evaluate tumor extent and to inform decision-making regarding surgical planning and the need for neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy. Extramural venous invasion (EMVI), which is intravenous tumor extension beyond the rectal wall on histopathology, is a predictor for worse prognosis. T2-weighted images (T2WI) demonstrate EMVI as a nodular-, bead-, or worm-shaped structure of intermediate T2 signal with irregular margins that arises from the primary tumor. Correlative diffusion-weighted images demonstrate intermediate to high signal corresponding to EMVI, and contrast enhanced T1-weighted images demonstrate tumor signal intensity in or around vessels. Diffusion-weighted and post contrast images may increase diagnostic performance but decrease inter-observer agreement. CT may also demonstrate obvious EMVI and is potentially useful in patients with a contraindication for MRI. This article aims to review the spectrum of imaging findings of EMVI of rectal cancer on MRI and CT, to summarize the diagnostic accuracy and inter-observer agreement of imaging modalities for its presence, to review other rectal neoplasms that may cause EMVI, and to discuss the clinical significance and role of MRI-detected EMVI in staging and restaging clinical scenarios.

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Radiology of the neuroendocrine neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract: a comprehensive review

Cited by 22 publications

References 65 publications

Radiological Imaging of Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. The Review of Current Literature Emphasizing the Diagnostic Value of Chosen Imaging Methods

Radiological Imaging of Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. The Review of Current Literature Emphasizing the Diagnostic Value of Chosen Imaging Methods

An update on the diagnosis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

MRI-detected extramural venous invasion of rectal cancer: Multimodality performance and implications at baseline imaging and after neoadjuvant therapy

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