Radiolytic degradation of anticancer drug capecitabine in aqueous solution: kinetics, reaction mechanism, and toxicity evaluation

Huo, Zhuhao; Wang, Siqi; Shao, Haiyang; Wang, Hongyong; Xu, Gang

doi:10.1007/s11356-020-08500-1

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In what concerns the effects of CAP in the microalga R. subcapitata , the estimated EC 50 values [EC 50,72 h of 0.077 (0.025–0.129) mg L −1 and 0.630 (0.485–0.774) mg L −1 for yield and growth inhibition, respectively] are two or three orders of magnitude lower than the few ones reported in the literature, namely in a safety data sheet from the ABC Laboratories dating from 1997, which reported an EC 50,72 h of 58 mg L −1 concerning growth rate inhibition of these microalga, an EC 50,72 h of 200 mg L −1 for biomass/yield inhibition, and a NOEC value of 14 mg L −1 (Hoffmann-La and Ltd 2021 ). To the authors’ best knowledge, only one other similar toxicity record is described in the literature and it concerns a calculation based on ECOSAR class program, which estimated an EC 50 of 0.897 mg L −1 for green algae, which in turn resulted in the classification of CAP as “very toxic” to these organisms, according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (Huo et al 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the risks of capecitabine and its active metabolite 5-fluorouracil to freshwater biota

Venâncio

Monteiro

Lopes

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Capecitabine (CAP, prodrug) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, its active metabolite) are two of the most prominent cytostatics, for which no clear picture can be drawn regarding potential concentrations of effect for freshwater biota, with CAP being grouped in the least studied cytostatic, whereas 5-FU has been classified as of no and of high environmental risk. Accordingly, the present work aimed to assess the ecotoxicity of CAP and 5-FU in three freshwater species, which included a 72-h assay with the producer Raphidocelis subcapitata; a 96-h assay with the invertebrate secondary consumer Hydra viridissima; and a 96-h assay with embryos of the vertebrate secondary consumer Danio rerio. The following endpoints were monitored: yield and population growth rate for the algae; mortality, morphological alterations, and post-exposure feeding rates for the cnidarian; and mortality, hatching, and malformations for the fish. Overall, organisms’ sensitivity to CAP decreased in the following order: R. subcapitata > H. viridissima > D. rerio, whereas for 5-FU, it decreased in the following order: H. viridissima > D. rerio > R. subcapitata. For CAP, no median lethal effective concentrations (LC/EC50) were possible to compute for D. rerio, with no significant mortality or malformations registered in embryos exposed at concentrations up to 800 mg L−1. For R. subcapitata, the EC50s were 0.077 and 0.63 mg L−1 for yield and growth rate, respectively, and for H. viridissima, the EC50,30 min for feeding was 22.0 mg L−1. For 5-FU, no EC50s could be computed for R. subcapitata, whilst the EC50s for H. viridissima mortality and feeding were 55.4 and 67.9 mg L−1, respectively, and for D. rerio, the LC50,96 h and EC50,96 h (hatching and abnormalities) were 4546, 4100, and 2459 mg L−1, respectively. Assuming similar modes of action for both compounds and their co-occurrence, the combined risk quotient of the two chemicals was determined to be 7.97, which represents a risk for freshwater biota. Anticipating the increased consumption of these compounds and cancer development trends worldwide, these impacts may be further aggravated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the risks of capecitabine and its active metabolite 5-fluorouracil to freshwater biota

Venâncio

Monteiro

Lopes

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Its pharmacokinetic properties show inter-individual variability; this may be attributed to the variation in enzyme activity (Deng et al, 2015). Capecitabine has estrogenic, cytotoxic, and teratogenic properties (Huo et al, 2020). Toxic adverse effects of capecitabine also include hair loss, myelosuppression, and gastrointestinal problems (Fernández et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemotherapeutic potential of betanin/capecitabine combination targeting colon cancer: experimental and bioinformatic studies exploring NFκB and cyclin D1 interplay

Ahmed,

Zaitone,

Abdelmaogood

et al. 2024

Front. Pharmacol.

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Introduction: Betanin (C₂₄H₂₆N₂O₁₃) is safe to use as food additives approved by the FDA with anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects in many types of cancer cell lines. The current experiment was designed to test the chemotherapeutic effect of the combination of betanin with the standard chemotherapeutic agent, capecitabine, against chemically induced colon cancer in mice.Methods: Bioinformatic approach was designed to get information about the possible mechanisms through which the drugs may control cancer development. Five groups of mice were assigned as, (i) saline, (ii) colon cancer, (iii) betanin, (iv) capecitabine and (v) betanin/capecitabine. Drugs were given orally for a period of six weeks. Colon tissues were separated and used for biological assays and histopathology.Results: In addition, the mRNA expression of TNF-α (4.58-fold), NFκB (5.33-fold), IL-1β (4.99-fold), cyclin D1 (4.07-fold), and IL-6 (3.55-fold) and protein levels showed several folds increases versus the saline group. Tumor histopathology scores in the colon cancer group (including cryptic distortion and hyperplasia) and immunostaining for NFκB (2.94-fold) were high while periodic-acid Schiff staining demonstrated poor mucin content (33% of the saline group). These pathologic manifestations were reduced remarkably in betanin/capecitabine group.Conclusion: Collectively, our findings demonstrated the usefulness of betanin/capecitabine combination in targeting colon cancer and highlighted that betanin is a promising adjuvant therapy to capecitabine in treating colon cancer patients.

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“…Some of these anticancer drugs are cytotoxic. Therefore, their presence in wastewater is a threat to aquatic ecosystems (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methotrexate degradation in artificial wastewater using non-thermal pencil plasma jet

Rathore

2023

Preprint

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The rising global cancer rate is driving up the consumption of anticancer drugs. This causing a noticeable increase in the levels of these drugs in wastewater. The drugs are not metabolized effectively by the human body, leading to their presence in human waste, as well as in the effluent from hospitals and drug manufacturing industries. Methotrexate is a commonly used drug for treating various types of cancer. Its complex organic structure makes it difficult to degrade using conventional methods. The present work proposed a non-thermal pencil plasma jet treatment for methotrexate degradation. The air plasma produced in this jet setup is electrical characterized and plasma species/radicals are identified using emission spectroscopy. The degradation of drug is monitored by studying the change in solution physiochemical properties, HPLC-UV analysis, and removal of total organic carbon, etc. Results show that a 9-minute plasma treatment completely degraded the drug solution that followed first order degradation kinetics with rate constant 0.38 min-1 and 84.54% mineralization was observed. Additionally, an increase in electrical conductivity and dissolved solids compared to virgin water-plasma interaction indicated the formation of new, smaller compounds (2,4-Diaminopteridine-6-carboxylic acid, N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, etc.) after drug degradation. The plasma-treated methotrexate solution also showed lower toxicity towards freshwater chlorella algae compared to the untreated solution. Finally, it can be said that non-thermal plasma jets are economically and environmentally friendly devices that have the potential to be used for the treatment of complex and resistive anticancer drugpolluted wastewaters.

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Radiolytic degradation of anticancer drug capecitabine in aqueous solution: kinetics, reaction mechanism, and toxicity evaluation

Cited by 19 publications

References 45 publications

Assessing the risks of capecitabine and its active metabolite 5-fluorouracil to freshwater biota

Assessing the risks of capecitabine and its active metabolite 5-fluorouracil to freshwater biota

Chemotherapeutic potential of betanin/capecitabine combination targeting colon cancer: experimental and bioinformatic studies exploring NFκB and cyclin D1 interplay

Methotrexate degradation in artificial wastewater using non-thermal pencil plasma jet

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