“…For bees, the hive is the place from which foragers stage numerous forays during the day and to which the entire forager force returns at dusk. From 1973 through the early 1990s [ 36 , 37 , 48 , 49 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 ], we capitalized on bees sampling surrounding environments, trapping at the hive, and analyzing samples of pollen, nectar and honey, wax, and even the bees themselves. We later found that bees’ electrostatic charge improves their effectiveness as samplers and modeled particle size attraction as a function of charge for both chemical and biological (microbes/viruses) agents [ 83 , 84 ].…”