In this study, the activity concentrations of natural and artificial radionuclides in 18 sediment samples were investigated from Iraq's Upper and Lower Dukan dam using he high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector as a gamma-ray spectrometry technique. The results revealed that the values of the activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs sediment ranged from (2.85 to 24.60 Bq kg− 1), (1.27 to 7.56 Bq kg− 1), (42.14 to 346.6 Bq kg− 1), and (0.14 to 3.62 Bq kg− 1), respectively. The radiological risk parameters such as radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose equivalent, and external hazard index were determined and found to be 30.98 Bq kg− 1, 14.97 nGy h-1, 29.62 nGy h-1, 0.019 µSv y-1, 0.153 µSv y-1, 0.08 mSv y-1, and 0.11 mSv y-1, respectively. The observed mean values were comparable to internationally recommended values.