Radiopaque iodinated copolymeric nanoparticles for X-ray imaging applications

Abstract

Recently we described iodinated homopolymeric radiopaque nanoparticles of 28.9+/-6.3 nm dry diameter synthesized by emulsion polymerization of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl(2,3,5-triiodobenzoate) (MAOETIB). The nanoparticle aqueous dispersion, however, was not stable and tended to agglomerate, particularly at weight concentration of dispersed nanoparticles above approximately 0.3%. The agglomeration rate increases as the concentration of nanoparticles in aqueous phase rises and prevents the potential in vivo use as contrast agent for medical X-ray imaging. Here we describe efforts to overcome this limitation by synthesis of iodinated copolymeric nanoparticles of 25.5+/-4.2 nm dry diameter, by emulsion copolymerization of the monomer, MAOETIB, with a low concentration of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). The surface of resulting copolymeric nanoparticles is far more hydrophilic than that of polyMAOETIB (PMAOETIB) nanoparticles. Therefore, P(MAOETIB-GMA) nanoparticles are significantly more stable against agglomeration in aqueous continuous phase. After intravenous injection of P(MAOETIB-GMA) nanoparticles in rats and mice (including those with a liver cancer model) CT-imaging revealed a significant enhanced visibility of the blood pool for 30 min after injection. Later, lymph nodes, liver and spleen strongly enhanced due to nanoparticle uptake by the reticuloendothelial system. This favorably enabled the differentiation of cancerous from healthy liver tissue and suggests our particles for tumor imaging in liver and lymph nodes.

Functionalized nanomaterials: their use as contrast agents in bioimaging: mono- and multimodal approaches

“…Research essentially focuses [213,214] on the incorporation of iodinated organic compounds into NPs, with designs ranging from emulsions, [215][216][217][218] liposomes, [214,[219][220][221][222][223] and lipoproteins, [224,225] to insoluble nano objects, [214,[226][227][228] and polymeric NPs, [215,[229][230][231][232][233]; many of them have been successfully applied in vivo [28,56]. The purpose of these nanomaterials is to locally increase iodine concentrations, Some multimodal nanoparticles were doped with an iodinated compound and used to enhance X-ray contrast [216,224,234,235] as discussed in later on in the review.…”

Enzymatic degradation and radiopaque attenuation of iodinated poly(ester-urethane)s with inherent radiopacity

“…They are important components of artificial heart, heart valves, mammary implants, catheters, suture materials and matrices for controlled drug release [3,4]. X-ray-visible PUs have received much attention in recent years, mainly due to the great development of imaging diagnosis technology to locate and evaluate the implantable materials or biomedical devices in clinic operation and postoperative observation [5][6][7][8]. As a consequence, synthesis of biodegradable radiopaque polyurethanes is of great interest for biomedical applications.…”

Nanobarcoding: detecting nanoparticles in biological samples using in situ polymerase chain reaction

“…4 In contrast, there is also a special class of bulk-cell analysis methods -"sampledestructive" -that analyzes NP amounts after processing the biological sample into cell lysates or tissue homogenates. 4 Bulk-cell analysis employs imaging methods dependent on fluorescence labeling (eg, quantum dots), 5,6 radiolabeling, 7,8 or magnetic cores [9][10][11] to determine NP locations in large tissues. For example, Gultepe et al synthesized magnetic cationic liposomes that incorporate superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs) and studied in vivo biodistribution in tumor-bearing mice with a combination of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and gamma counting of accumulated 111 In-labeled magnetic cationic liposomes in systemic organs after sacrifice.…”