Radiosonde‐Derived Temperature Inversions and Their Association With Fog Over 37 Melt Seasons in East Greenland

Abstract

We present temperature inversion characteristics during fog and nonfog conditions at three east Greenland coastal weather stations during Arctic melt seasons 1980–2016. For this purpose, we developed a novel automated method to extract fog‐top height (FTH) from Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive data, which is applicable to any fog thermodynamic profile and includes an improved interpolation of saturation between sounding levels. From the analysis of >22,000 melt‐season soundings we conclude that inversions occur 85–95% of the time, are predominantly elevated, and have median depths >200 m. Fog at high‐Arctic locations often penetrates the inversion layer, especially in the late melt season, and is commonly several hundred meters thick. At low‐Arctic locations fog is thinner and generally restricted to the mixed layer. Inversions during fog are deeper and stronger compared to nonfog conditions. This effect is more pronounced at higher latitudes, which we attribute to distinct local boundary layer conditions and large‐scale processes. The Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive‐extracted FTHs have a cumulative error of 56 m and are in reasonable agreement with retrievals from Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation satellite cloud top data. The novel FTH extraction method can be applied to any polar sounding with >5 significant levels below 700 hPa and can be extended to boundary layer clouds other than fog, which represent the majority of cloud occurrence in the Arctic melt season. This study advances the understanding of interactions between low clouds and temperature inversions and improves retrieval of cloud geometrical thickness from radiosondes: both have important implications for the Arctic surface energy budget.

Temporal and spatial variability of elevated inversions over Europe based on ERA‐Interim reanalysis

“…(), and Gilson et al . (). Literally, each of the vertical air temperature profiles obtained from the ERA‐Interim reanalysis was scanned upward to locate the first layer in which air temperature increases with altitude.…”

“…The tropospheric temperature inversions were identified following the definition reported in Kahl (1990) and applied later by, among others, Wetzel and Brümmer (2011), and Gilson et al (2018. Literally, each of the vertical air temperature profiles obtained from the ERA-Interim reanalysis was scanned upward to locate the first layer in which air temperature increases with altitude.…”

Low-tropospheric humidity inversions over Europe: spatiotemporal variability and relations to temperature inversions’ occurrence

“…The humidity inversions were identified following the methodology applied in our previous studies on the low-tropospheric temperature inversions (Palarz et al 2018;Palarz et al 2019) enabling us to compare reliably the parameters of both inversion types. The definition of an inversion refers then to that reported in Kahl (1990), Wetzel and Brümmer (2011), Zhang et al (2011), and Gilson et al (2018. Literally, each of the vertical profiles of specific humidity (or air temperature, respectively) obtained from the ERA-Interim reanalysis was scanned upward to locate the first layer in which specific humidity (air temperature) increases with altitude.…”

Extreme smog challenge of India intensified by increasing lower tropospheric stability

“…Note, multiple inversion layers can be present in a single radiosonde profile. The methodology for characterizing inversion layer is similar to Kahl et al (46) and Gilson et al (47). If one or more inversion layers are detected within <100 meters of the daily vertical temperature profile, those layers are considered as a single inversion layer.…”