Radiotherapy for invasive thymoma and thymic carcinoma

Mayer, Ramona; Beham‐Schmid, Christine; Groell, Reinhard; Smolle‐Juettner, Freyja‐Maria; Quehenberger, Franz; Stuecklschweiger, Georg; Prettenhofer, Ulrike; Stranzl, Heidi; Renner, Heiko; Hackl, A.

doi:10.1007/bf02743578

Cited by 42 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…As a result, most authors do not recommend the use of extended radiation fields routinely in cases of completely resected stage II disease. However, it is clear that total radiation dose is a significant prognostic factor in preventing local recurrence [31]. It has been suggested that patients with certain histological variants may have an increased risk of developing local recurrence in cases of completely resected thymoma.…”

Section: Radiotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymoma: Update for the New Millenium

et al. 2001

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USA. Telephone: 210-616-5648; Fax: 210-949-5085; e-mail: cthomas@saci.org www: cancerdata.com Received October 11, 2000; accepted for publication May 11, 2001. ©AlphaMed Press 1083-7159/2001 INTRODUCTIONThymic tumors are common among anterior mediastinal tumors in adults. The vast majority of thymic lesions are thymoma [1]. Thymoma is relatively unique among tumors in that the prognosis appears to be more closely related to the invasive characteristics seen at operation rather than histological appearance. Indeed, the degree of encapsulation and invasion of adjacent tissues define malignancy for these tumors rather than the histologic appearance of the tumor cells [2]. Current treatment of thymoma is often multidisciplinary in nature, and has evolved based upon a growing number of studies to date. These studies have looked at various outcomes based upon associated patient syndromes, tumor histology, and tumor staging, as well as various surgical, radiotherapeutic, chemotherapeutic, and multimodality trials. These studies form the basis of this review.

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Section: Radiotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymoma: Update for the New Millenium

et al. 2001

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“…Thymomas are generally considered cytological benign whereas thymic carcinomas have malignant cytological features. Thymic carcinomas have a significantly worse oncological prognosis (14)(15)(16).…”

Section: Thymomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Surgical and oncological outcomes of thoracoscopic thymectomy for thymoma

Odaka¹,

Tsukamoto²,

Shibasaki³

et al. 2017

J. Vis. Surg.

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type classification are valuable predictors of the prognosis of thymoma; hence, the optimal treatment for thymoma should be performed according to these two. TT is less invasive, with equivalent oncological outcomes, when compared with the OT. Minimally invasive surgery including TT for stage I-II thymomas is becoming the mainstay of therapy. (16,(20)(21)(22)(23). In our previous study (24), Masaoka stage III-IV thymoma patients experienced more recurrences than those with stage I-II patients. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) for stage III-IV thymomas was significantly poorer than those for stage I and II thymoma (47% vs. 97.5% and 94.1%, respectively). Hence, the Masaoka stage was a valuable predictor of the prognosis of thymoma. Keywords Pathologic classificationThe pathologic classification of thymoma has remained controversial for many years (25). The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed the most widely adopted pathologic classification for epithelial tumor of thymus by taking into consideration both histological and morphological features (26). There are two staging systems for epithelial tumor of thymus (27). Most widely used clinical stage was first described by Masaoka et al. in 1981, and it is a clinical staging system describing thymomas in terms of local extension or invasion of the tumor (6). The TNM staging follows the pattern of T for tumor descriptor, N for nodal spread, and M for distance metastasis. In 1999, the WHO Consensus Committee published a histologic typing system for neoplasms of the thymus (28). Thymomas are classified into types A, AB, B1, B2, B3, and C based on the morphology of epithelial cells and ratio of lymphocyteto-epithelial cells. Recently, the WHO Consensus Committee recommended that epithelial tumors of thymus be classified as thymoma, including type A, AB, B1, B2, and B3 thymoma and thymic carcinoma (29). Most of the WHO type A, AB, B1, and B2 thymomas are benign; however, types B3 and C have malignant potential (30). Our study (24) demonstrated that 16 of 140 thymomas patients experienced recurrences. Of those 16 patients, 12 patients had WHO type B3 or C thymomas. Thus, pathological aggressiveness seems to strongly influence recurrence. Several reports have indicated the impact of the WHO type on the decisionmaking during clinical treatments (26). Surgical treatmentMost patients having Masaoka stage I-II thymoma receive surgical treatment. Recently, TT has been attempted as a surgical treatment for thymoma. TT for thymoma consists of extended thymectomy (ET), total thymectomy, subtotal thymectomy (STT), and partial thymectomy according to the classification of the extent of the thymus resected. In this review, a few authors classified thymectomy by total and partial thymectomy, while some authors do not describe the resected extent of thymus clearly. Total thymectomy was defined as the resection of the entire thymus, and ET was defined as the resection with the thymus and surrounding fat tissues together. ET was usually performed in patients who had MG. F...

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“…Sıklıkla 1.8-2.0 Gy fraksiyon dozlarında uygulanan 50-60 Gy RT ile olgularda %90-100 olasılıkla lokal kontrol sağlanabilmektedir (23,24). Sınırda rezektable ya da unrezektable olgular neoadjuvan KT ya da torasik RT'den fayda görebilir (25). Kemoradyoterapinin rolü net değildir (26).…”

Section: Timik Karsinomunclassified

Mediastinal Tumorlerde Radyoterapi

Gültekin¹,

Cengiz²

2011

Toraks Cer Bult

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MEDİASTİNAL TÜMÖRLERDE RADYOTERAPİEn sık görülen mediastinal tümörler erişkinlerde timik neoplaziler ve lenfomalar, çocuklarda ise nöroje-nik tümörlerdir. Bunun dışında germ hücreli tümörler, mezenkimal tümörler ve karsinomlar da görülmektedir. Mediastinal tümörlerin tedavisinde radyoterapi (RT) önemli rol oynamaktadır. RT, (1) medikal açıdan inoperable ya da cerrahi unrezektable hastalıkta definitif tedavi olarak, (2) lokal ileri evre hastalıkta multimodal tedavi rejiminin bir parçası olarak, (3) cerrahiden önce (neoadjuvan) ya da cerrahiden sonra (adjuvan), ya da (4) evre IV hastalıkta palyatif tedavi olarak uygulanabilmektedir. Mediastinal kitlelerin sıklıkla kritik yapılara komşu olması, tedaviye bağlı komplikasyonlar açı-sından önemlidir. Günümüzde, RT uygulamalarındaki gelişmeler ile daha konformal tedaviler (örn. stereotaktik RT, 3-boyutlu konformal RT, yoğunluk ayarlı RT, görüntü klavuzluğunda RT) yapılabilmektedir. Böylece daha sınırlı RT alanlarında, doz eskalasyonu yapılarak tümöre yüksek doz RT uygulanabilmekte ve çevredeki normal mediastinal yapılar daha iyi bir şekilde korunabilmektedir. TimomaTimik neoplaziler nadir görülmekle birlikte ön mediastenin en sık görülen tümörleridir (1). Tanı anında %90-95 oranında lokalizedir ve bu nedenle primer tedavi cerrahi rezeksiyondur (2, 3). En önemli iki prognostik faktör hastalığın evresi ve tam cerrahi rezeksiyondur (4-6). Timik tümörlerin tedavisinde RT'nin rolü net değil-dir. R0 rezeksiyon yapılan, erken evre hastalarda ya da nispeten iyi histolojili (WHO klasifikasyon A) olgularda adjuvan RT uygulanmayabilir. RT'nin rolü tartışmalı olmakla birlikte özellikle invaziv timomaların (≥ evre II) adjuvan tedavisinde önemli rol oynamaktadır.Evre II timomalarda, tam rezeksiyon yapılsa bile yalnız cerrahi ile lokal rekürrens oranları %30'lara varmaktadır. Rekürrens sonrası kurtarma tedavilerinin sonuçları kötüdür (7-11). Bu nedenle mediastinal plevraya gros fibröz adhezyonu olan ya da histolojik olarak kanıtlanmış mikroskopik plevral invazyonu olan Masaoka evre II hastalıkta sıklıkla postoperatif RT (PORT) önerilmektedir (12).Evre III timomalarda ise adjuvan RT'nin rolü daha belirgindir (7,13,14). Evre III hastalıkta R0 rezeksiyon yapılan seçilmiş olgulara RT uygulanmayabilir. Ancak, tam rezeke edilmemiş olgularda adjuvan RT lokal kontrol ve genel sağkalım oranlarını arttırmaktadır (7,8,14). İnkomplet rezeke hastalıkta tedavi sonuçlarının kötü olması nedeniyle, sınırda rezeke edilebilir olgularda cerrahi rezektabiliteyi ve lokal kontrolü arttırmak için neoadjuvan kemoterapi (KT) ya da RT uygulaması gündeme gelebilir, ancak kombine tedavilerin rolü net değildir (15)(16)(17).Rezidü hastalık varlığında ya da evreden bağımsız olarak tam rezeksiyon yapılamayan olgulara ise kombine tedavi yaklaşımları uygulanmalıdır. Bu olgularda kombine tedaviler tam cerrahi rezeksiyon ve genel sağkalım oranlarını arttırabilir. Kombine tedavi uygulanan bir faz II çalışmada 23 olguda sırasıyla 5-yıllık progresyonsuz sağkalım ve genel sağkalım %54 ve %52 olarak saptanmıştır (18). Bir diğ...

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Radiotherapy for invasive thymoma and thymic carcinoma

Cited by 42 publications

References 28 publications

Thymoma: Update for the New Millenium

Thymoma: Update for the New Millenium

Surgical and oncological outcomes of thoracoscopic thymectomy for thymoma

Mediastinal Tumorlerde Radyoterapi

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