“…S1B), and high hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity. Larger grain size reduces the surface area available for chemical reactions and thus a reduction of 224 Ra desorption to the liquid phase (Luo et al, 2019;Li et al, 2021). Alternatively, we attributed Ra enrichment in lower saline areas to less transmissive zones that are rich in parent radionuclides and may provide a suitable environment for 224 Ra accumulation in water via parent production and alpha recoil.…”