Radon survey in Montenegro – A base to set national radon reference and “urgent action” level

Qualitative overview of indoor radon surveys in Europe

“…Only regional surveys were identified in 5 member states: Belgium (Cinelli et al, 2011; Poffijn et al, 1994; Tondeur et al, 1997; Zhu et al, 2001, 1998), Bulgaria (Ivanova et al, 2013), Cyprus (Anastasiou et al, 2003; Theodoulou et al, 2012), Germany (Kemski et al, 2004, 1996), Latvia (Dambis, 1996), Romania (Cucoş (Dinu) et al, 2017). Outside the EU, national surveys were conducted in Azerbaijan (Hoffmann et al, 2017), Belarus (Yaroshevich et al, 2012), Iceland (Jónsson et al, 2015), Macedonia (Stojanovska et al, 2012), Montenegro (Vukotic et al, 2018), Russia (Yarmoshenko et al, 2015), Serbia (Udovičić et al, 2016), Switzerland (Kropat et al, 2014), Ukraine (Pavlenko et al, 2014) and Norway (Jensen et al, 2004). Only regional surveys were identified for Albania (Bode Tushe et al, 2016), Armenia (IAEA, 2014), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Ćurguz et al, 2015; IAEA, 2014), Georgia (IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), 2014), Kazakhstan (Fyodorov et al, 2014), Moldova (Ursulean et al, 2013), and Turkey (Can et al, 2012; Köksal et al, 2004).…”

“…However, there is a large diversity within sampling strategies in existing radon surveys. In many countries, territory was subdivided into administrative units (Denmark (Andersen et al, 2007, 2001), France (Rannou, 1990) and Netherlands (Lembrechts et al, 2001; Stoop et al, 1998)) or grid cells – 10 km × 10 km (Albania (Bode Tushe et al, 2016), Azerbaijan (Hoffmann et al, 2017), Hungary (Nikl, 1996), Ireland (Fennell et al, 2002), Romania (Cucoş (Dinu) et al, 2017) and Spain (Sainz Fernández et al, 2017)), 5 km × 5 km (Malta (Baluci et al, 2013)), 1 km × 1 km (Cyprus (Theodoulou et al, 2012) and United Kingdom (Daraktchieva et al, 2015; Miles et al, 2007, 2011)) or even 0.5 km × 0.5 km (Montenegro (Vukotic et al, 2018)). In case of Poland, country was divided into geological regions (Przylibski et al, 2011).…”

“…In Montenegro, an advice from construction expert was obtained in order to identify houses that could be considered as representative. One such house has been then identified in each grid square and selected for radon measurements (Vukotic et al, 2018).…”

“…In most cases, a single detector was exposed for approximately 1 year. In other cases, 2 detectors were deployed in consecutive 6 months periods (Italy (Bochicchio et al, 2005), Malta (Baluci et al, 2013) and Montenegro (Vukotic et al, 2018)) or 4 detectors in consecutive 3 months periods (Macedonia (Stojanovska et al, 2012)). In at least 10 surveys, measurements were performed only during winter or during the heating season.…”

Radon priority areas - definition, estimation and uncertainty

“…Ex am ples are Fin land, Ger many, Greece, Montenegro [5] and Spain which chose RL = 300 Bqm -3 and p 0 = 10 % (for Ger many, de rived from ground-floor rooms in build ings with base ment only; for Spain, from the ground or first floor rooms only). Ire land has cho sen RL = 200 Bqm -3 , p 0 = 10 %.…”