Polymer/graphene
oxide (GO) nanocomposite particles were prepared
via
heteroflocculation between 140–220 nm cationic
latex nanoparticles and anionic GO nanosheets in either acidic or
basic conditions. It is demonstrated that nanocomposite particles
can be formed using either poly(2-vinylpyridine)-
b
-poly(benzyl methacrylate) (P2VP–PBzMA) block copolymer nanoparticles
prepared by reversible-addition chain-transfer (RAFT)-mediated polymerization-induced
self-assembly (PISA), or poly(ethylene glycol)methacrylate (PEGMA)-stabilized
P2VP latexes prepared by traditional emulsion polymerization. These
two latexes are different morphologically as the P2VP–PBzMA
block copolymer latexes have P2VP steric stabilizer chains in their
corona, whereas the PEGMA-stabilized P2VP particles have a P2VP core
and a nonionic steric stabilizer. Nevertheless, both the P2VP–PBzMA
and PEGMA-stabilized P2VP latexes are cationic at low pH. Thus, the
addition of GO to these latexes causes flocculation to occur immediately
due to the opposite charges between the anionic GO nanosheets and
cationic latexes. Control heteroflocculation experiments were conducted
using anionic sterically stabilized poly(potassium 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate)-
b
-poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PKSPMA–PBzMA) and nonionic
poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) nanoparticles to demonstrate that
polymer/GO nanocomposite particles were not formed. The degree of
flocculation and the strength of electrostatic interaction between
the cationic polymer latexes and GO were assessed using disc centrifuge
photosedimentometry (DCP), transmission electron microscopy (TEM),
and UV–visible spectrophotometry. These studies suggest that
the optimal conditions for the formation of polymer/GO nanocomposite
particles were GO contents between 10% and 20% w/w relative to latex,
with the latexes containing P2VP in their corona having a stronger
electrostatic attraction to the GO sheets.