Rage against the machine: investigating conspiracy theories about the video assistant referee on Twitter during the 2018 FIFA World Cup

Bertin, Paul; Delouvée, Sylvain; McColl, Kathleen; Prooijen, Jan‐Willem van

doi:10.1080/14413523.2022.2127179

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…With regard to fans, VAR is an emotion transfer object, which also affects VAR satisfaction. In Bertin et al (2023)'s study, it was also noted that negative tweets on VAR increased at the end of the group stage, which may be related to the elimination of the team, and the fans expressed negative emotions on VAR to rationalize the situation of the team and maintain the image of the team.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The questionnaire is issued to Chinese fans, and the teams participating in the World Cup are mostly distributed in various countries; therefore, the satisfaction of fans in different countries and regions with the World Cup VAR can be compared. In addition, some studies have indicated that the utilization of VAR in crucial moments of the game has an impact on match results (Kolbinger and Knopp, 2020;Bertin et al, 2023), and that the number of tweets on negative emotions associated with VAR increases. Therefore, more variables can be added to future research on fan satisfaction with VAR.…”

Section: Limitations and Suggestions For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The attitude of online fans: perceived value, expectation, and identification on VAR satisfaction

Deng,

Yan,

et al. 2024

Front. Psychol.

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This study explores online fan satisfaction with the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) during the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022. A structural equation model comprising perceived value, fan expectation, fan identification, and fan satisfaction was run. The online questionnaires were distributed among Chinese football fans. A total of 224 valid responses were received. Using indicators like Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) statistic, and Bartlett’s test of sphericity, the results were assessed for reliability, validity, and suitability. From the statistical results, the overall satisfaction of fans with VAR is the middle. Both fan expectation and perceived value positively affect satisfaction (p < 0.01); the path coefficients were 0.26 and 0.57. Contrastingly, fan identification exerts no significant effect on fan satisfaction (p > 0.05); and fan expectation indirectly affects fan satisfaction through perceived value (p < 0.01); the path coefficient was 0.29. The highest effect value for fan satisfaction is perceived value, followed by fan expectation. Consequently, to improve online fan satisfaction with VAR, researchers should focus on perceived value. This research contributes to a greater more comprehensive of Chinese online fans’ preference towards VAR at the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Limitations and Suggestions For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The attitude of online fans: perceived value, expectation, and identification on VAR satisfaction

Deng,

Yan,

et al. 2024

Front. Psychol.

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“…Specific conspiracy belief items are often event-specific but not group-specific (i.e., they remain vague and generic regarding the conspiring groups). However, conspiracy theories regarding a given event can vary in the perpetrating groups portrayed (e.g., see Bertin, Delouvée, et al, 2023, in the context of the 2018 FIFA World Cup). Methodologically, while the event to which a conspiracy belief scale refers is established by the researcher, the plotting group can hardly be set a priori but depends on the characteristics of the participants (e.g., worldview, political orientation, demographics).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Victimizing Effects of Conspiracy Beliefs

Bertin

2024

Zeitschrift für Psychologie

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Victimhood has been linked to conspiracy beliefs in various contexts. However, the causal relationship between these constructs remains unclear. Following previous work, conspiracy beliefs could be described as victimized beliefs that are consequences of perceiving one’s ingroup as especially suffering from a situation (i.e., exclusive forms of collective victimhood, comprising competitive victimhood). However, in the absence of causal examination, it might also be that conspiracy beliefs are victimizing beliefs that increase perceptions of victimhood. In Studies 1 and 2, which experimentally tested the widespread victimized beliefs interpretation ( Ntotal = 730), induced exclusive victimhood increased neither specific nor generic conspiracy beliefs. In Study 3 ( N = 335), I tested the reversed causal relations and found that exposure to specific or generic conspiracy theories in a fictitious society increased neither individual nor collective forms of victimhood. However, in Study 4 ( N = 465), exposure to a specific conspiracy theory about a real-world conflict, compared to a generic conspiracy theory, increased exclusive forms of collective victimhood. By contrast, individual-level victimhood about systemic issues increased in both conspiratorial conditions. The goal of Study 5 ( N = 561) was to distinguish the victimizing effects of exposure to a specific conspiracy theory from those of an intergroup conflict situation. Exposure to a conspiracy theory and to an intergroup conflict increased exclusive victimhood to the same extent, but the conspiracy condition again triggered more individual-level victimhood. Together, these results document that conspiracy beliefs have a self-oriented victimizing effect and that it is crucial to account for intergroup conflicts when studying the link between these beliefs and collective-level victimhood. Victimizing one’s status through conspiracy allegations might seek to gain advantages in crisis situations.

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“…Specific conspiracy belief items are often eventspecific but not group-specific (i.e., they remain vague and generic regarding the conspiring groups). However, conspiracy theories regarding a given event can vary in the perpetrating groups portrayed (e.g., see Bertin et al, 2022, in the context of the 2018 FIFA World Cup).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Victimising Effects of Conspiracy Beliefs

Bertin¹

2023

Preprint

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Victimhood has been linked to conspiracy beliefs in various contexts. However, the causal relationship between these constructs remains unclear. Following previous work, conspiracy beliefs could be described as victimised beliefs that are consequences of perceiving one’s ingroup as especially suffering from a situation (i.e., exclusive forms of collective victimhood, comprising competitive victimhood). However, in the absence of causal examination, it might also be that conspiracy beliefs are victimising beliefs that increase perceptions of victimhood. In Studies 1 and 2, which experimentally tested the widespread victimised beliefs interpretation (Ntotal = 730), induced exclusive victimhood increased neither specific nor generic conspiracy beliefs. In Study 3 (N = 335), I tested the reversed causal relations and found that exposure to specific or generic conspiracy theories in a fictitious society increased neither individual nor collective forms of victimhood. However, in Study 4 (N = 465), exposure to a specific conspiracy theory about a real-world conflict, compared to a generic conspiracy theory, increased exclusive forms of collective victimhood. By contrast, individual-level victimhood about systemic issues increased in both conspiratorial conditions. The goal of Study 5 (N = 561) was to distinguish the victimising effects of exposure to a specific conspiracy theory from those of an intergroup conflict situation. Exposure to a conspiracy theory and to an intergroup conflict increased exclusive victimhood to the same extent, but the conspiracy condition again triggered more individual-level victimhood. Together, these results document that conspiracy beliefs have a self-oriented victimising effect and that it is crucial to account for intergroup conflicts when studying the link between these beliefs and collective-level victimhood. Victimising one’s status through conspiracy allegations might seek to gain advantages in crisis situations.

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Rage against the machine: investigating conspiracy theories about the video assistant referee on Twitter during the 2018 FIFA World Cup

Abstract: The 2018 edition has been watched by more than 3.5 billion people (FIFA, 2018a).

Cited by 11 publications

References 75 publications

The attitude of online fans: perceived value, expectation, and identification on VAR satisfaction

The attitude of online fans: perceived value, expectation, and identification on VAR satisfaction

The Victimizing Effects of Conspiracy Beliefs

The Victimising Effects of Conspiracy Beliefs

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