Raging the War Against Inflammation With Natural Products

Abstract

Over the last few decade Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are the drugs of choice for treating numerous inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis. The NSAIDs produces anti-inflammatory activity via inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzyme, responsible for the conversation of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Likewise, cyclooxegenase-2 inhibitors (COX-2) selectively inhibit the COX-2 enzyme and produces significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-pyretic activity without producing COX-1 associated gastrointestinal and renal side effects. In last two decades numerous selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXIBs) have been developed and approved for various inflammatory conditions. However, data from clinical trials have suggested that the prolong use of COX-2 inhibitors are also associated with life threatening cardiovascular side effects including ischemic heart failure and myocardial infection. In these scenario secondary metabolites from natural product offers a great hope for the development of novel anti-inflammatory compounds. Although majority of the natural product based compounds exhibit more selectively toward COX-1. However, the data suggest that slight structural modification can be helpful in developing COX-2 selective secondary metabolites with comparative efficacy and limited side effects. This review is an effort to highlight the secondary metabolites from terrestrial and marine source with significant COX-2 and COX-2 mediated PGE2 inhibitory activity, since it is anticipated that isolates with ability to inhibit COX-2 mediated PGE2 production would be useful in suppressing the inflammation and its classical sign and symptoms. Moreover, this review has highlighted the potential lead compounds including berberine, kaurenoic acid, α-cyperone, curcumin, and zedoarondiol for further development with the help of structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies and their current status.

Preventive Effect of Raw Liubao Tea Polyphenols on Mouse Gastric Injuries Induced by HCl/Ethanol via Anti-Oxidative Stress

“…COX-2 is an isoenzyme of COX that rapidly stimulates induced reactions with a series of injury chemical factors, participates in the inflammatory response, and promotes inflammation development. Thus, when the cells are stimulated by inflammation, COX-2 will be expressed abundantly [ 37 ]. Furthermore, iNOS has a synergistic effect with COX-2, and can further improve inflammatory response [ 38 ].…”

Inflammatory Responses during Tumour Initiation: From Zebrafish Transgenic Models of Cancer to Evidence from Mouse and Man

“…Within mammalian immune responses and cancer, COX-2 expression is upregulated by both pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, and tumour promoters, such as Ras [209][210][211][212]. PGE 2 itself is a central inflammatory mediator governing both positive and negative regulation of inflammation through alternative receptors [213,214].…”

ECa 233 Suppresses LPS-Induced Proinflammatory Responses in Macrophages <i>via</i> Suppressing ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and Akt Pathways

“…Furthermore, PGE 2 production and expression of COX-2 were proposed as another therapeutic alternative in inflammatory disease treatment. 24,25) By using RAW264.7 macrophages, we examined whether ECa 233 attenuated the inflammatory reaction through diminishing PGE 2 generation and expression of COX-2. Intriguingly, we established that ECa 233 successfully attenuated the COX-2 protein expression in LPS-induced mac- rophages.…”