Raindrop size distributions of convective rain over equatorial Indonesia during the first CPEA campaign

Marzuki, Marzuki; Kozu, Toshiaki; Shimomai, Toyoshi; Hashiguchi, Hiroyuki; Randeu, Walter; Vonnisa, Mutya

doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.03.002

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In a pioneering study, Stout and Mueller (1968) reported Z-R relationship from the DSD obtained by a raindrop camera that was operated at Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Since that time, a number of investigators have studied the DSD of Indonesian precipitation particularly at Kototabang (KT), West Sumatra (e.g., Kozu et al, 2005Kozu et al, , 2006Renggono et al, 2006;Marzuki et al, 2009Marzuki et al, , 2010aMarzuki et al, , 2013a. The fact is that the previous studies are only based on the data obtained from Java and Sumatra.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Shibagaki et al (2006) observed strong updrafts indicating the orographic lifting during the passage of super cloud cluster associated with westerly wind bursts over Sumatra. The DSD during that period was characterized by small D m even in heavy rain (Marzuki et al, 2010a). Orographic convection due to the mountainous area of Sumatra island also suppresses the seasonal variation of precipitation system at KT .…”

Section: Drop Size In Convective and Stratiform Rainmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Regional variability of raindrop size distribution over Indonesia

et al. 2013

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Abstract. Regional variability of raindrop size distribution (DSD) along the Equator was investigated through a network of Parsivel disdrometers in Indonesia. The disdrometers were installed at Kototabang (KT; 100.32 • E, 0.20 • S), Pontianak (PT; 109.37 • E, 0.00 • S), Manado (MN; 124.92 • E, 1.55 • N) and Biak (BK; 136.10 • E, 1.18 • S). It was found that the DSD at PT has more large drops than at the other three sites. The DSDs at the four sites are influenced by both oceanic and continental systems, and majority of the data matched the maritime-like DSD that was reported in a previous study. Continental-like DSDs were somewhat dominant at PT and KT. Regional variability of DSD is closely related to the variability of topography, mesoscale convective system propagation and horizontal scale of landmass. Different DSDs at different sites led to different Z-R relationships in which the radar reflectivity at PT was much larger than at other sites, at the same rainfall rate.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Drop Size In Convective and Stratiform Rainmentioning

confidence: 98%

Regional variability of raindrop size distribution over Indonesia

et al. 2013

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“…The radar echoes were assumed as precipitation only if surface rain rate was larger than 0.1 mm/h. Furthermore, to ensure that both instruments are simultaneously observing rain, only the echoes having the radar reflectivity and Doppler velocities greater than 18 dBz and 3 m/s, respectively, were analyzed [21,15,9].…”

Section: 3 Ghz Boundary Layer Radarmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first instrument is the EAR operating at 47 MHz. The ability of EAR to estimate the DSD has been described by several papers [13,15]. However, the VHF profiler like EAR is unable to resolve small drops (< 1 mm) [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A pioneering study on the DSD was conducted at Bogor, west Jawa, Indonesia, by using a raindrop camera [12]. The number of study particularly at Kototabang, west Sumatra increases after Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) facilities were completed in this area [1,9,[13][14][15][16][17][18]. Furthermore, regional variability of DSD along the equatorial Indonesia has been also observed through a network of Parsivel disdrometer observation at Kototabang, Pontianak, Manado and Biak [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance Evaluation of Micro Rain Radar Over Sumatra Through Comparison With Disdrometer and Wind Profiler

Marzuki¹,

Hashiguchi²,

Shimomai³

et al. 2016

PIER M

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Abstract-Micro Rain Radar (MRR) is a vertical pointing microwave profiler to measure hydrometeors and related parameters in high resolution. However, it is known that the MRR suffers from certain limitations due to several factors. This paper evaluates the performance of the MRR installed at Kototabang, west Sumatra, Indonesia (0.20 • S, 100.32 • E, 864 m above sea level). The DSD and rainfall rate from the MRR standard processing method had been evaluated by using collocated measurements of MRR, Parsivel disdrometer and Optical Rain Gauge (ORG) during 2014. Furthermore, 1.3 GHz wind profiler (BLR) observation was used to examine the vertical profiles of radar reflectivity and Doppler velocity. It was found that there were noticeable differences between the MRR and Parsivel in the small and large size ends of the DSD. At small sized drop (< 1 mm), the DSD spectra of MRR was higher than that obtained by the Parsivel otherwise it was smaller for large sized drop (> 2 mm). Underestimation of large sized drops in the MRR could be responsible for the underestimation of surface rainfall rate and daily rainfall. The source of differences in the DSD seems the measurement shortcomings such as attenuation correction and vertical wind effects, particularly during heavy rain. The shortcomings were observed from the comparison of mean Doppler velocity profiles between the MRR and the BLR. While the melting layer height of the two instruments was the same, the mean Doppler velocities of MRR shown downward increasing (DI) pattern through all rainfall intensities. On the other hand, for the BLR, the DI was only observed for heavy rain (> 10 mm/h), while downward decreasing was observed for light rain (< 5 mm/h). Similar pattern was also observed for the vertical profile of radar reflectivity. Thus, some corrections are needed for heavy rain, nevertheless, the MRR installed at Kototabang can be utilized for light rain. Comparisons indicated that the mean Doppler velocity and the DSD for the light rain as well as Z-R relation were in reasonable agreement with the reference of BLR, Parsivel and previous studies using the MRR.

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