Rainwater chemistry as influenced by atmospheric deposition of pollutants in Southern Nigeria

Uzomah, Vincent C.; Sangodoyin, A. Y.

doi:10.1108/09566160010321569

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…(from SO 2 emissions) contribute significantly to acid rain. There is widespread acid rain in the Niger Delta region [31,32,33,43,44], however, there is no information on the relative ratio of SO 4 2− /NO 3 − in precipitation in the region. Acid rain from increased SO 4 2− and NO 3 concentrations is evident in the pH values that range from 4.98 -5.15 and mean value of 5.06 [33].…”

Section: Chemical Biological and Physical Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flue gas dispersion, emissions from the flare systems and atmospheric deposition of pollutants have influenced rainwater chemistry in the Nigeria's Niger Delta [31,32,43,44]. The findings from some studies suggest that rainwater from most industrial cities of Nigeria are tending towards acidity and if gas flaring and venting activities are not checked, there is a tendency of increasing acidic rainwater in the Delta regions [32,43]. It is a common practice by many residents in the rural communities to harvest rainwater by capturing runoffs from rooftops for drinking, cooking, laundry and other domestic purposes.…”

Section: Human Health Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gas Flaring and Venting Associated with Petroleum Exploration and Production in the Nigeria’s Niger Delta

Ite¹,

Ibok²

2013

ENV

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Global flaring and venting of petroleum-associated gas is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions and airborne contaminants that has proven difficult to mitigate over the years. In the petroleum industry, poor efficiency in the flare systems often result in incomplete combustion which produces a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and inorganic contaminants. Over the past fifty years, gas flaring and venting associated with petroleum exploration and production in the Nigeria's Niger Delta has continue to generate complex consequences in terms of energy, human health, natural environment, socioeconomic environment and sustainable development. In some oil-producing host communities, most flaring and ventingsystems are located in close proximity to residential areas and/or farmlands; and the resultant emissions potentially contribute to global warming as well as somelocal and/or regional adverse environmental impacts.There are emerging facts in an attempt to understand the effect of flaring and venting practices and the complex interactions of thermal pollution, organic and inorganic contaminants emission in the environment. This review discusses environmental contamination, adverse human health consequences, socioeconomic problems, degradation of host communities and other associated impacts of flaring and venting of associated gas in the petroleum industry in the Niger Delta. Effective understanding of the overall impact of associated gas flaring and venting in the petroleum industry is important for effective management of the energy resources, environmental risk mitigation, implementation of good governanceand sustainable development.

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Section: Chemical Biological and Physical Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Human Health Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Flaring and Venting Associated with Petroleum Exploration and Production in the Nigeria’s Niger Delta

Ite¹,

Ibok²

2013

ENV

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“…Based on the hot spot characterisation, gas flares can be identified and flared gas volumes and pollutant emissions can be calculated with previously published methods.2 of 28 and global concern. GF impacts the local environment [1] through: noise [2,3], visual pollution [4,5], heat stress [4,6] and the emission of air pollutants like black carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds and acid rain precursors [7][8][9][10]. Flaring produces greenhouse gases (GHG) and black carbon as the main by-products of the combustion.…”

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confidence: 99%

Persistent Hot Spot Detection and Characterisation Using SLSTR

Caseiro

Rücker²,

Tiemann³

et al. 2018

Remote Sensing

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Gas flaring is a disposal process widely used in the oil extraction and processing industry. It consists in the burning of unwanted gas at the tip of a stack and due to its thermal characteristic and the thermal emission it is possible to observe and to quantify it from space. Spaceborne observations allows us to collect information across regions and hence to provide a base for estimation of emissions on global scale. We have successfully adapted the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Nightfire algorithm for the detection and characterisation of persistent hot spots, including gas flares, to the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) observations on-board the Sentinel-3 satellites. A hot event at temperatures typical of a gas flare will produce a local maximum in the night-time readings of the shortwave and mid-infrared (SWIR and MIR) channels of SLSTR. The SWIR band centered at 1.61 μm is closest to the expected spectral radiance maximum and serves as the primary detection band. The hot source is characterised in terms of temperature and area by fitting the sum of two Planck curves, one for the hot source and another for the background, to the radiances from all the available SWIR, MIR and thermal infra-red channels of SLSTR. The flaring radiative power is calculated from the gas flare temperature and area. Our algorithm differs from the original VIIRS Nightfire algorithm in three key aspects: (1) It uses a granule-based contextual thresholding to detect hot pixels, being independent of the number of hot sources present and their intensity. (2) It analyses entire clusters of hot source detections instead of individual pixels. This is arguably a more comprehensive use of the available information. (3) The co-registration errors between hot source clusters in the different spectral bands are calculated and corrected. This also contributes to the SLSTR instrument validation. Cross-comparisons of the new gas flare characterisation with temporally close observations by the higher resolution German FireBIRD TET-1 small satellite and with the Nightfire product based on VIIRS on-board the Suomi-NPP satellite show general agreement for an individual flaring site in Siberia and for several flaring regions around the world. Small systematic differences to VIIRS Nightfire are nevertheless apparent. Based on the hot spot characterisation, gas flares can be identified and flared gas volumes and pollutant emissions can be calculated with previously published methods.

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“…It is commonly accepted that rainwater is slightly acidic due to the natural formation of carbonic acids within atmospheric precipitation. Industrial pollution has also been shown to promote acid rain (Uzomah & Sangodoyin 2000), and together with vehicle emissions could explain the more acidic levels observed at the sites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Investigating the influences of season and coastal proximity on the elemental composition of harvested rainwater

Martin

Coombes

Dunstan

2010

Water Science and Technology

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Chemical qualities of harvested rainwater were assessed at two residential study sites on the east coast of Australia in relation to coastal proximity and surrounding land uses over the course of a winter and summer month. Daily rainwater samples were collected from the base outlet and surface levels of stored water for chemical analyses. High resolution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to analyse 26 elements in all samples. The summer sampling regime for the industrial coastal Site 1 was dominated by wind gusts originating from the east with a total average elemental load of 25,900+/-17,000 microg/L compared to the significantly lower 10,600+/-3,370 microg/L measured during the winter month, where 84% of wind gust events originated from the west. Data for the inland Site 2, with no proximity to industry, revealed no significant changes in total average loads between the winter (4,870+/-578 microg/L) and summer (4,760+/-2,280 microg/L) months. The most abundant elements found at both sites included Na, K, Mg, and Zn. The rainwater storages at Site 2 fed from a relatively new concrete tiled roof catchment had significantly lower pH and conductivity measurements compared with those at Site 1 with an old galvanised iron roof catchment. It was concluded that seasonal differences in harvested water quality were likely influenced by prevailing wind direction and external influences such as surrounding land uses and proximity to the coast.

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Rainwater chemistry as influenced by atmospheric deposition of pollutants in Southern Nigeria

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Gas Flaring and Venting Associated with Petroleum Exploration and Production in the Nigeria’s Niger Delta

Gas Flaring and Venting Associated with Petroleum Exploration and Production in the Nigeria’s Niger Delta

Persistent Hot Spot Detection and Characterisation Using SLSTR

Investigating the influences of season and coastal proximity on the elemental composition of harvested rainwater

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